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NTIQUITIE^ 


OF    THE 


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OJ^ENT 

"TjITy  eTljed" 


CONTAINING 

A  CONCISE  DESCRTPTIOlsr    OF  THE    RUINS   OF   KING   SOLOMON'S  CITIES, 

TOGETHER  WITH    THOSE    OF  FORTY  OF  THE   MOST  ANCIENT  AND 

RENOWNED   CITIES    OF   THE    EAST,    INCLUDING  BABYLON, 

NINEVEH,    DAMASCUS,    AND    SHUSHAN. 


EMBELLISHED 

With  three  beautiful  UthograpJis,  and  seventy  fuU-page  engravings. 


M.  WOLCOTT  EEDDING. 


NEW  YORK: 

EEDDING    &    CO., 

644  BROADWAY. 

1873. 


^^zs^^^^mM 


Bntered  according  to  Act  of  Consrcsn,  in  the  year  1872,  by 

U.  W.  REDDING, 

In  the  Office  of  the  LaUrariau  of  Congress,  at  Washingtoa. 


k 


'ii 


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PBEFAOE. 


"Within  a  few  years  past,  extensive  explorations  have 
been  carried  on  througliout  tKe  East,  which  have  resulted 
in  remarkable  discoveries  in  nearly  all  of  the  ancient 
and  renowned  cities  known  to  sacred  history. 

Among  the  most  important  of  these  discoveries  are 
those  made  in  Jerusalem,  in  the  excavations  around  and 
under  the  Temple  site — among  the  ruins  of  King  Solo- 
mon's store  cities,  Baalbek,  Tadmor  and  Hamath — at 
Babylon,  Nineveh,  and  Shushan. 

These  discoveries  have  awakened  an  interest  that  ■v\ill 
not  be  satisfied  with  anything  less  than  a  description  of 
the  ruins  of  all  the  important  cities  of  the  East. 

In  the  ordinary  works  of  Eastern  travelers  and  writers, 
so  much  space  is  given  to  incidents  of  travel,  and  the 
speculations  of  travelers,  that  but  little  room  is  left  for 
a  description  of  antiquities  or  relics. 

The  aim  of  this  work  is  to  comprise  in  a  convenient 
compass   the   results    of  all   the  important   explorations 


m. 


and  excavations  made  in  the  East, — especially  among 
the  ruins  of  King  Solomon's  cities.  To  this  end,  this 
work  has  been  made  strictly  descriptive  and  historical; 
yet  containing  only  enough  of  history  to  render  the 
subject  intelligible.  By  this  plan  a  description  of  the 
ruins,  as  now  seen,  of  forty  of  the  most  famous  cities 
of  antiquity  is  given  in  the  space  of  this  volume. 

TuE  AuTnoB. 


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CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

JERUSALEM. 
ITS  ORIGIN  AND  A  SKETCH  OF  ITS  HISTORY— ORIGIN AS- 
SAULT AND  CAPTURE  OF  THE  CITY  BY  DAVID— DAVId'S 
DEATH— HE  IS  SUCCEEDED  BY  SOLOMON,  WHO  BUILDS 

THE  ALA.GNIFICENT  TEMPLE,  AND  THE  STORE  CITIES 

SIEGE  OF  JERUSALEM  BY  TITUS,  IT  IS  TAKEN  AT  MID- 
NIGHT  WANTON    DESTRUCTION   OF    THE   TEMPLE    BY 

FIRE P^«^ 


17 


CHAPTER  II. 

k   BKETCH    OP    THE    TOPOGRAPHY    OP    THE    CITY    AND    ADJOm- 
ESfG    COUNTRY. 

JERUSALEM— TALLEY  OP  JEHOSnAPnAT— VALLEY  OP  HIN- 
NOM  —  THE  TYROPCEON  —  WALLS  —  VIA  DOLOROSA  — 
DAVID   STREET PAGE     41 


"W 


CHAPTER  III. 

RELICS,   OBJECTS    AND    PLACES    OP    INTEREST. 
ANCIENT     POTTERY— LAMPS— KNIVES     AND     OTHER     RELICS 

ZION    BRroGE— ANCIENT    CASTLE     OP     DAVID— GATES 

OP  THE  CITY — POOLS — FOUNTAINS — VALLEY  OF  JEHO- 
BHAPHAT— VILLAGE  OP  SILOAM— ANCIENT  TOMBS  AND 
VAULTS — VALLEY  OP  HENNOM — ACELDAMA,  THE  FIELD 
OP  BLOOD PAGE      47 


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COiiTENTS. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

PLACES    OP    INTEREST    NEAR    THE    CITY. 

THE  \  ALLEY  OF  JEnOSnATnAT — OF  HINNOM — ACELDAMA 
— MOUNT  OP  OFFENCE — ANCIENT  SEPOLCHREa— SC0PD3 
RIDGE — MOUNT  OP  OLIVES — THE  ROAD  OVER  -WTIICn 
CHRIST   RODE  INTO   JERUSALEM PAGE 


'^ff^^^^JM 


'^-K^5 


CHAPTER  V. 

CONCERNINO  THE  TEMPLE  OP  KrNQ  SOLOMON. 
MOUNT  MORIAH — THE  TEMPLE  AREA,  OR  ENCLOSURE — 
WILSON'S  ARCH — ROBINSON'S  ARCH — MASONIC  HALL — 
FOL'NDATION  WALLS  OP  THE  TEMPLE— SOUTH,  WEST, 
AND  EAST  GATES — DOME  OP  THE  ROCK — MOSQUE  EL 
AKSA PAGE 


69 


rWL 


CHAPTER  YL 

THE    PRIVATE    MARKS    OP    THE    BUILDERS    AND    THE   REMARK- 
AHLE    ANCIENT    QUARRY    UNDER    JERUSALEM. 

MARKS  FOUND  ON  STONES  IN  THE  FOUNDATION  WALLS  OK 
THE  TEMPLE  AREA — MARKS  FOUND  IN  SAMARIA  AND 
HEBRON PAGE    109 


^ii 


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CHAPTER  VII. 

PI,ACES    HISTORICALLY    CONNECTED    WITH    SOLOMON'S    TEMPLE 
AND    TIIE    BUILDERS. 

ANCIENT  TYRE,  HIRAM'S  TOMB— JOPPA— MT.  LEBANON- 
PASS  OP  THE  JORDAN— HEBRON,  ITS  IMPORTANT  REL- 
ICS OP  ANTIQUITY,  AND  SINGULAR  MOSQUE— THE  RUENS 
OP  BEEROTH— KIRJATH  JEARIM— SAMARIA,  CHURCH  OP 
ST.  JOHN— KING  SOLOMON'S  STORE  CITIES,  BAALBEK—  ^ 
TADMOR— HAMATH    AND    GEBAL P-^-GE  133 


CHAPTER  YIII. 

THE    CRADLE    OP    THE    HUMAN    RACE. 
THE     GARDEN    OP     EDEN— AMOUNT  ARARAT— THE   DISPER- 
SION    OP     THE     PEOPLE— THEIR     LOCATION,     OR     THE 
PLACES      OCCUPIED      BY     THEM— THE     FIRST      SETTLE- 
MENTS OP  THE  HUMAN  FAMILY FAQE  194 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE     FIRST     CITIES     BUILT,     THEIR    RISE,     FALL,    AND     BUIN8, 

AS  NO"W  SEEN. 
THE    RUINS     OP    BABYLON— ERECH  —  ACCAD— CALNETH — 
NINEVEH— DAMASCUS-SHECHEM— GAZA— BEERSHEBA— 
BETHEL  —  BETHLEHEM  —  8ID0N  — JERICHO- SHUSHAN 

PAGE  199 


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THE  KNIGHTS  TEMPLAKS,  OUIGIX  OP  THE  ORDER — THE 
FATAL  BATTLE  OF  HATTIN — MASSACRE  OF  THE 
KNIGHTS — DESCRIPTION  OP  THE  REMARKABLE  RUINS 
OP  THE  ANCIENT  CITY  OF  GERASU — DESCRIPTION  OF 
THE  RUINS  OP  ATHLETE,  AND  THE  WILD  ARAB  TRIBE 
THAT  INHABITS  THE  PLACE— DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 
SPLENDID  ANCIENT  CITY  OP  PERGAMOS— DESCRIPTION 
OF  THE  HAURAN— ITS  RUINS  OP  CITIES  AXD  DESERTED 
VILLAGES— SHILOH — RABBAH — SARDIS — THE  RUINS  OP 
TARSUS  —  TIBERIUS  —  C.ESAREA  —  P.\NEAS — CAPERNA- 
UM —  ANTIOCH  —  EPUESUS  —  GADARA  —  LYDDA — NAZA- 
RETH   PAGE  280 


CHAPTER  XI. 

CONCERNING  THE  CRUCIFIXION. 
DAYID'S  tomb — THE  LAST  SUPPER— THE  GARDEN  OF 
GETHSEMANE— CHRIST'S  AGONY — HILL  OP  EVIL  COUN- 
CIL—CttURCH  OF  THE  HOLY  SEPULCHRE- PLACE  OF 
CRUCIFIXION — HOLY  SEPULCHRE— PLACE  OP  ASCEN- 
glOX PAGE  307 


CHAPTER  XII. 

SCRIPTURE    ACCOUNT   OF    THE     BUILDING    OF     KING     SOLOMON'S 

TEMPLE. 
MT.     MORIAH— DAVID'S    PREPARATION    FOR    BUILDrNG   THE 
TEMPLE    AND  CHARGE  TO  SOLOMON — SOLOMON  BUILDS 

THK     TK>n'T  T       IT-       DEnrrATroN— DKSTRTTTTON  .  .PAHF,  C").'^ 


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FKONTISPIECE— A  LITHOGEAPII— THE  SITE  OF  THE  TESITLE. 
TOPOGRAPHICAL   PLAN    OF   JERUSALEM,  AND  THE    SITE   OF 

KING  Solomon's  temple. 

JERUSALEM  AS  IT  WAS,  B.  C.  1012. 

JERUSALEM  AS  IT  IS. 

INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  THE  TE^SIPLE. 

THE    GOLDEN    GATE. 

INTERIOR   VIEWS    OF    THE    EAST   AND    SOUTH    GATES     OF 

THE   TE^O'LE   ENCLOSURE. 
REMARKABLE     ARTITICUX    CAVE     UNDER     THE     TEIVEPLE 

SITE. 

KING  Solomon's  cisterns. 

Robinson's  arch  ant)  section  of  the  wall  of  the 
temple  enclosure. 

ancient  quarry  under  JERUSALEM,  IN  WHICH  THE 
STONES   WERE   QUARRIED   FOR   SOLOMOn's   TEMPLE. 

INTERIOR   VIEW    OF    WILSOn's    ARCHES. 

ECCE  HOMO  ARCH— A  PART  OF  THE  WALL  OF  THE 
PRESENTATION   IN   THE   TEMPLE. 

KUINS   OF   ANCIENT   TOMBS    AND   T0AVER8. 

FIFTEEN  GROUPS  OF  THE  PRIVATE  MARKS  OF  THE 
BUILDERS. 


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THKIJE  COUHSES  OF  STONES  EST  THE  FOUNDATION  WALLS 
OF  THE  TE:MrLE  ENCLOSURE,  WITH  THE  PRIVATE 
MARKS    ON    THEM. 

INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  A  GALLERY  AT  THE  FOUNDATION 
OF    THE    WALL.       EXPLORER   EXAMINING   MARKS. 

INTERIOR  VIEW  OF  THE  ANCIENT  QUARRY  UNDER  JERU- 
SALEM IN  WHICH  THE  STONES  WERE  QUARRIED 
FOR   THE  TEMPLE. 

PILASTER   m  1L&.S0NIC    HALL. 

ANCIENT   FIGURED   PAVEMENT. 

MT.  LEBANON  AND  TIIE  BAY  FROM  WHICH  THE  TIMBER 
WAS    FLOATED    FOR   TIIE    TEMPLE. 

TIIE    CITY    OF   JOPPA,  WHERE    THE    TEMBER  WAS    LANDED. 

TIIE    CITY    OF   TYRE    AS    IT   NOW    IS. 

niRAil's   TOMB   NEAR   THE   CITY   OF    TYRE. 

hiram's  -w^ll. 

KING  Solomon's  store  cities — their  ruinb. 

BAALBEK. 

tad:sior. 
kirjath  jearim. 

HEBRON. 

SAMARIA. 

SIDON. 

GEBAL. 

TIIE   RUINS   OF   NINEVEH. 

THE   RUINS   OF   BABYLON. 

TIIE   RUINS   OF    SUUSHAN. 

DAMA.SCU8. 


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ILLUSTKATIONS. 

TDK  KUINS  OF   EABBAH. 

THE   EUINS   or   EPHESUS. 

THE   KUINS    OF   GADARA. 

EXCAVATIONS   AT   SHUSH  AN. 

UIAGES. 

VALLEY   OF   MUEDER,   JERICHO. 

SUCCOTII. 

ST.  JOHN'S  CHUECH. 

THE   PALACE   AT  SHUSHAN. 

ABDEL   KADEE. 

AN    ACACIA   TEEE. 

ANCIENT     POTTERY— LAMP— AND     INK   BOTTLE     SUCH     A9 

WAS   USED    BY   THE    SCEIBES. 
THE    CASTLE    OF   DAVID. 
GETHSEl^IANE. 
ANCIENT   COFFIN. 
GOLGOTHA. 
PLAN    OF   THE   CHUECH    OF   THE   HOLY   8EPULCHEE. 

BETHANY. 
SHECHEM. 

EPIlRArM. 

DAVTd's  IsrOStQTTE  AND   TOMB^ 


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Xii  llXUblKATIOSfi. 

N:orXT    AKAKAT. 

\    CKOrP   OF   CAmVES. 

KISQ  SOLOMON',  FROM    AN    ANCIENT   SCULPTrRE. 

COLLECTING       OONTRIBL'TIONS       FOB       REBUILDING       1 11 K 

Ti:Mri-E. 
BATTLE-FIELD   OF   HATTIN. 
WAR    nORSES   AFTER    THE    BATTLE. 
THE     Rt^IARKABLE     RUINS    OF    THE     AJfCIEXT     CITY     Oh 

GERASn. 
THE   RUINS   OF   ATIILirTE. 
RUINS   OF   PERGAMOS. 

ANCIENT  crrr  in  the  iiauran. 

ANCIENT   KITCHEN   AND   UTENSU-S. 
ANCIENT  DRIN-KING   CUPS. 
ANCIENT   MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 


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'L^JO- 


IISTDEX 

TO  THE  PLAN  OF  JERUSALEM  AND  ITS  RUINS. 


K*. 


So    I.  Armenian  Convent  on  Mt.  Zion. 

2.  Episcopal  Church,  and  Consulate  of  St.  James. 

3.  David  Tower. 

4>  Hezckiah  Pool,  built  by  Herod  ;  now  used. 

5.  Castle  of  David. 

6.  Greek  Convent. 

7.  Coptic  Convent. 

8.  Latin  Convent. 

9.  Church  of  the  Holy  SepiUchre. 

10.  Pilate's   house  (ancient  citadel),  now  the   Pasha's  reed 

dence. 

11.  Bethesda  Pool. 

12.  St.  Ami  Church. 

1  it ,  Prussian  Consulate — near  the  site  of  Herod's  palace. 
14.,  Ruins  of  an  ancient  temi)le. 
15.,  Valley  Gate,  near  the  Jaffa  Gate. 

16.  Ancient    gate,    now  closed   (Bethezo   was  near    it),    on 

Zion. 

17.  Essenes'  Gate,  on  Zion  South. 

18.  Tower  of  Siloam. 
li).  East  or  Sun  Gate. 

20.  The  Stairs  of  David — now  in  use. 

21.  Intermediate  Gate,  between  the  two  walls  at  the  Junction 

of  the  Tyropoeon  and  Kidron  Valleys. 

22.  The  House  of  David — it  spanned  the  Tyropoeon  Valley 

here. 

23.  The  Tower  that  lieth  out  over  the  Virgin.  Fountain. 
21.  Water  Gate  ;  on  Ophel. 

25.  The  Great  Tower— Tower  of  OpheL 


-^ 


44. 


47. 


4§. 


Horse  Gate,  near  the  S.  E.  comer  of  the  Temple. 
Tower  of  the  Flock  (Micah  iv.,  8). 
Sheep  Gate — near  the  present  St.  Stephen's  Gate. 
Tower  of    Hananeel;    N.    E.    corner   of    the  Temple 

Area. 
Fish  Gate — near  the  present  St.  Stephen's  Gate. 
Gate  of  Benjamin — Xorth  and  East. 
Cemetery. 

Throne  of  the  Governor. 
Damascus  Gate ;  facing  North. 
Broad  wall  between  Ephraim  and  the  comer  Gate. 
Corner  Gate — near  the  X.  W.  comer  on  the  West. 
Tower  of  Furnaces  ;  in  the  West  end  of  the  East  and 

West  wall. 
First  Gate ;  in  the  first  wall,  near  Jail  a  Gate. 
The  Armory,  or  House  of  the  Forest  of  Lebanon,  in  tho 

N.  E.  comer  of  Zion. 
Prison  Gate ;   Shallocketh,  in  the  Temple. 
Miphkad  Gate  ;  the  Stocks  for  detaining  and  punishing 

criminals  were  near  this  Gate,  at  the  West  end  of  the 

Tyropoeon  bridge. 
Second  Gate  in  the  Tyropoeon. 
Tower  of  Hippicus ;  the  ruins  are  in  the  N.  W.  comer 

of  the  city  wall,  called  the  Giant's  Tower. 
Phasaelus — a  Tower  named  after  Ilerod's  brother,  near 

the  Gennath  Gate. 
Mariamne— named  by  Herod  after  his  Queen  ;  on  Zion. 
Gennath  (gardens)  Gate — near  the  Jaffa   Gate,  in  th* 

third  wall. 
Psephinos ;  an  octagon  tower.  North  of  Hippicus. 
There    were  90    towers   in   the  third  wall ;    no   other 

names  have  been  recorded.      In  other  walls  there 

were  other  gates,  of  which  no  ruins  exist. 
Fort  of  Zion  ;  the  Great  Acropolis,  so  famed  during  the 

Syrian  Wars. 
Castle  of  Zion  ;  taken  by  David  from  the  Jebusites. 
Zion  Bridge. 

Citadel ;  was  high  and  overlooked  the  city. 
Millo ;    at  the   Junction  of   the   Zion    and   Tyropoeon 

Valleys. 


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INDEX  TO  THE  PLAN. 


No.  53.  Road  over  which  Christ  rode  into  Jerusalem. 

54.  Golgotha. 

55.  Castle  of  Aiitonia ;  containing  the  Judgment  Hall. 

56.  Baris ;  the  Acropolis  of  Akra. 

57.  Strabo's  Tower,  near  Antonia. 

58.  Illustration  showing  the   form   of    the   original   hill 

Mount  Moriah. 

59.  Upper  Tool  of  Gihon. 

60.  Jews'  Wailing-Place;  here  are  to  be  seen  some  of  the 

foundation-stones  of  the  Temple. 

61.  Garden  of  Gethsemane. 

62.  Church  of  the  Ascension. 

63.  Entrance  to  the  great  underground  quarry,  where  the 

stones  were  quarried  and  prepared  for  King  Solo- 
mon's Temple. 

64.  Village  of  Siloam. 

Besides  these  there  are  records  of  a  great  many  palaces,  market 
places,  and  synagogues  for  instruction  in  the  Scriptures  and  tra- 
ditions, of  which  there  remains  no  vestige  by  which  they  can  with 
certainty  be  identified. 

MOUNT  MORIAH-SITE  OF  SOLOMON'S  TEIMPLE. 

A,  A,  A,  A,  Temple  Area. 
No.  1.  Dome  of  the  Rock;  Ancient  Christian  Church:  now  a 
mosk. 
^.  Mosk   el  Aksa;    the  Ancient  Knight  Templar's  Church. 

3.  Mogrebins  Mosk. 

4.  The  Sea  of  Solomon,  underground. 

5.  Vaults  imder  the  platform. 

6.  Ancient  South  Gate  of  the  Temple  ;  now  Double  Gat* 

7.  Ancient  West  Gate,  now  Prophet's  Gate. 

8.  Gate  of  the  Chain. 

9.  Gate  of  the  Bath. 

10.  Iron  Gate. 

1 1.  Gate  of  the  Inspector. 

12.  East  or  Golden  Gate. 


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Origin — Assault  and  Capture  of  the  City  hy  David 
— David's  Death — lie  is  succeeded  hy  Solomon, 
%oho  hicilds  the  Magnificent  Temple,  and  the  Store 
Cities — Siege  of  Jerusalem,  hy  Titus,  it  is  taken 
at  Midnight —  Wanton  Destr%iction  of  the  Temple 
hy  Fire. 

TiTE  city  of  Jerusalem,  with  its  ruins  of  temples, 
towers,  walls,  and  tombs,  is  one  of  the  most  pro- 
foundly impressive  localities  in  all  the  world.  While 
reflecting  on  the  history  of  this  city,  wave  on  wave  of 
thought  rush  in  on  the  mind  from  out  the  limitless 
ocean  of  the  past,  and  while  contemplating  its  ruins 
the  miiid  is  carried  far  back  through  the  dim  vista 
of  ages,  to  the  time  wlien  Mt.  Zion  was  the  Jebusite's 
stronghold,  and  when  the  site  of  tlie  magnificent 
Temple  of  Solomon  was  a  threshing-floor. 

In  all  other  lioly  places  there  were  worshiped 
beasts  and  birds  (Apis  and  Ibis,  Egypt),  the  human 
form  (Greece),  and  hideous  images  of  things  found 
ncitlier  in  the  heavens  nor  the  earth  (India).  But 
here  tliC  shepherds  of  Canaan,  who  watched  the  flocks 
among  the  hills,  bowed  to  Ilim  who  is  still  called  the 
God  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.     In  Genesis  we 


V 


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II 


read  that  in  the  liei^inniiig  God  created  the  heaven 
and  the  earth,  and,  as  the  great  Architect  of  the 
Univci'^e,  he  claims  the  exchisive  woi-shij)  of  man. 
Since  the  day  when  the  tent  of  the  wihlcrness  (the 
Tabernacle)  was  eidarged  into  tlie  Temple,  what 
various  and  thrilling  events  have  made  the  temi)le 
site  famous!  There  swiftly  passes  in  review  the 
foundation  of  that  sacred  and  stately  edifice,  with  its 
spacious  courts  and  white  marble  walls,  resplendent 
with  fine  gold ;  the  magnificent  rites  and  ceremo- 
nies, the  solemn  prayers  and  costly  sacrifices,  and  the 
mysterious  Holy  of  Holies,  the  Shekinnh. 

Then  follows  the  destruction  of  this  sacred  place 
by  the  idolatei-s  from  Babylon,  and  its  restoration  by 
Zerubbabel  and  Ezra,  when  some  who  had  seen  the 
fii-st  house  wept,  while  others  shouted  for  joy.  And 
finally,  Herod's  Temple,  larger  and  more  magnificent 
than  the  othere,  which  had  been  forty-six  years  in 
progiess  when  Jesus  spake  in  it  of  its  final  destruc- 
tion, which  came  with  Titus  and  the  Romans ;  and  of 
all  its  precious  and  beautiful  furniture  and  sacred 
vessels,  there  remains  only  a  time-worn  sculpture  of 
the  Candlestick  and  the  crumbling  Triumphal  Arch 
of  Titus  at  Rome. 

Resides  these  material  things  there  is  a  long  proces- 
sion of  g')od  men  and  women,  kings,  prophets,  and 
piicsts,  wiio  frequented  this  place  to  worship,  and 
held  the  same  faith  with  us;  whose  lives  are  our 
example,  and  whose  songs  ai-e  our  j)salins  and  hynnis 
of  praise.  The  dark  side  of  the  picture  is  stained 
with  frightful  idolatries,  dcvilisli  wickedness,  false- 
hoods, blasphemie-,  hypocrisies,   and   murdei-s,  even 


<■- 


&  ^' 


( 


i  n  the  midst  of  the  most  awful  denunciations  against 
fin  in  every  form. 

The  view  is  also  darkened  by  accounts  of  sieges, 
li^'-/         famines,  destructions,  captivities  and  dispersions,  des- 
^  I       olations  and  wars  unnumbered,  with  but  a  few  rays 
of  blessings  in  restorations.     Uncounted  millions  for 
nearly  tM-o  thousand  years  have  directed  towards  this 
shrine  their  hopes  and  prayers.     This  eventful  his- 
torv  and   its   present  condition  lead  to  the  inquiry, 
Will  the  Temple  ever  be  rebuilt  ?     Will  Jerusalem 
ever  be  restored?    Will  the  twelve  tribes  ever  be  re- 
gathered  ? — questions  that  can  only  be  answered  by 
the  Great  Director  of  human  events. 
*}  J  From  Abraham  to  the  present  time  a  knowledge 

Ati/i  of  the  one  true  God  has  been  the  chief  source  of  in- 
spiration, and  there  have  been  many  great  teachers 
who  have  instructed,  counseled,  warned,  and  threat- 
ened the  people ;  always  magnifying  the  service  and 
the  rewards  of  the  true  faith.  Will  there  ever  be 
another  great  teacher  there  ? 

^'^'  1  OltlGIN. 

The  name  of  this  famous  and  sacred  city  suggests 
inquiry  into  its  origin  and  liistory. 

The  name,  Jerusalem,  is  first  found  in  Joshua  x. 
1,  3,  5,  23.  It  is  next  called  Jebus  or  Ila  Jebusi,  and 
its  inliabitants  Jebusites.  The  Greeks  called  it  Iliero 
Solyma  (Iloly  City  of  Solomon) ;  but  Jerusalem  has 
been  the  common  name  since  Solomon's  time. 

The  second  son  of  Noah  w'as  Ham,  who  begat 
Canaan,  whose  descendents  were  the  Jebusites,  who 
dwelt  in  the  hill  countrv  in  which  Jerusalem  is  situa- 


Ui 


A' 

I 

m 


m 


ted,  and  had  tlieir  stronghold  on  Mount  Zion,  and, 
as  there  is  no  reliaUe  record  or  tradition  of  its  oc- 
cupation by  any  other  people  previous  to  its  occupa- 
tion by  the  Jebusites,  the  conclusion  is  very  evident 
that  the  city  -^-as  founded  by  them,  but  there  exists 
no  data  for  determining  tlie  precise  time. 

"And  the  Lord  spake  unto  Moses,  saying, 

"Send  thou  men  that  they  may  search  the  land  of 
Canaan,  which  I  give  unto  the  children  of  Israel — 

And  Moses  sent  them  to  spy  out  the  land  of  Ca- 
naan, and  said  unto  them,  "  Get  you  up  this  way  south- 
ward, and  go  up  into  the  mountain. 

"So  they  went  up,  and  searched  tlie  land  from  tlie 
wilderness  of  Zin  unto  Eehob,  as  men  come  to  Ila- 
matli. 

And  they  returned  from  searching  of  the  land  after 
forty  days. 

And  they  went  and  came  to  Moses,  and  to  Aaron, 
and  to  all  the  congregation  of  the  cliildren  of  Israel, 
unto  the  wilderness  of  Paran,  to  Kadesh  ;  and  brought 
back  word  unto  them,  and  unto  all  the  congregation, 
and  shewed  them  the  fruit  of  the  land. 

And  they  told  him,  and  said,  We  came  unto  the 
land  wliitlier  thou  sentcst  us,  and  surely  it  floweth 
witli  milk  and  honey;  and  this  ?.y  tlie  fruit  of  it. 

The  Amalekites  dwell  in  the  land  of  the  south: 
and  the  Ilittites,  and  the  Jehusitef<,  and  the  Amorites, 
dwell  in  the  mountains:  and  the  Canaanites  dwell  by 
the  sea,  and  by  the  coast  of  Jordan."  (Numl)ei-s  xiii. 
1,  17,  21,  25,  26,  27,  20.) 

"And  the  border  went  uj)  by  the  valley  of  the  son  of 
Iliimom  unto  the  south  side  of  the  Jehvsiie  ;  the  same 


k/7 


:r' 


I', 


f-^ 


7W 


is  Jerusalem :  and  the  border  went  up  to  the  toj)  of 
the  mouiituiu  that  lieth  before  tlie  valley  of  Ilinnom 
westward,  which  is  at  the  end  of  the  valley  of  the 
giants  northward : 

And  the  border  came  down  to  the  end  of  the  moun- 
tain that  lleth  before  the  valley  of  the  son  of  Ilinnom, 
and  which  is  in  the  valley  of  the  giants  on  the  north, 
and  descended  to  the  valley  of  Ilinnom,  to  the  side  of 
Jehusi  on  the  south,  and  descended  to  En-roirel, 

And  Zelah,  Eleph,  and  Jehusi,  which  is  Jerusalem, 
Gibeath,  aiid  Kirjath;  fourteen  cities  with  their  vil- 
lages. This  is  the  inheritance  of  the  children  of  Ben- 
jamin according  to  their  families."  (Joshua,  xv.  8 — 
xviii.  16,  28.) 

HISTOKT. 

The  first  recorded  siege  was  by  Judah  and  Simeon 
(about  1400  B.C.). 

ISTow  after  the  death  of  Joshua  it  came  to  pass,  that 
the  children  of  Israel  asked  the  Lora,  saying,  Who 
shall  go  up  for  us  against  the  Canaanitos  first,  to  fight 
against  them? 

And  the  Lord  said,  Judah  shall  go  up:  behold,  I 
have  delivered  the  land  into  his  hand. 

And  Judah  said  unto  Simeon  his  brother.  Come  up 
with  me  into  my  lot,  that  we  may  fight  against  the 
Canaanites ;  and  I  likewise  will  go  with  thee  into  thy 
lot.     So  Simeon  went  with  him. 

And  Judah  went  up ;  and  the  Lord  delivered  the 
Canaanites  and  the  Perizzites  into  their  hand:  and 
they  slew  of  them  in  Bezek  ten  thousand  men. 

ISTow  the   children   of  Judah  had  fought  against 


Jl 


f  -'Ai 

Mm 


Jerusalem,  and  had  taken  it,  and  smitten  it  with  the 
edi^e  of  the  sword,  and  set  the  city  ou  lire.  (Judges, 
i.  1,  2,  3,  4,  8.) 

But  they  only  took  the  lower  city — the  fortress  of 
Zion  and  upper  city  being  too  strong  for  them. 

Following  this  was  an  attack  by  the  Benjamites, 
but  witli  no  better  success. 

These  sieges  and  attacks  were  continued  through 
the  time  when  Israel  was  ruled  by  the  judges,  and  the 
rfc.gn  of  Saul,  and  the  i-eign  of  David  at  Hebron. 
But  the  Jebusites  successfully  resisted  every  attempt 
on  the  fortress  of  Zion,  and  thus  remained  practically 
masters  of  the  city  until  about  1049  b.o.,  when 
David  with  an  army  of  280,000  men,  choice  warriors, 
the  flower  of  Israel  (1  Chron,,  xii.  23,  39),  advanced 
to  the  siege,  and  with  little  trouble  took  the  lower 
city,  but,  as  before,  the  citadel  on  Zion  held  out  until 
the  Jebusites  taunthigly  said  to  him:  "ExccjDt  thou 
take  away  the  lame  and  the  blind  thou  shalt  not  come 
up  thither"  (2  Samuel,  v.  G,  7,  8).  "Which  roused  David's 
anger,  and  he  proclaimed  to  his  host,  that  the  flrst  who 
would  climb  the  rocky  side  of  the  fortress  and  kill  a 
Jebusite  should  be  made  chief  captain  of  the  host; 
upon  which  a  crowd  of  warriors  rushed  forward  to  the 
attempt,  but  Joab's  superior  agility  gained  him  the 
day,  and  the  citadel — the  fortress  of  Zion — was  at  last 
taken.  The  fall  of  this  hitherto  impregnable  strong- 
hold created  a  great  sensation  throughout  the  length 
and  breadth  of  the  land. 

David  at  once  proceeded  to  fortify  and  secure  him 
self  in  his  important  accpiisitiou  by  enclosing  the  city 
and  citndel  with  a  strong  wall.     The  ark  was  l>i'oiiL,'lit 


m. 
f 


fn^m  the  liouse  of  Obed-Edoin,  (near  Kii-jatli-Jearim,) 
and  deposited  here  Avith  tlie  most  impressive  cere- 
monies, and  the  city  then  became  the  reli^^nous  centre 
and  political  capital  of  the  country. 

Previous  to  this  the  seat  of  govennnent  had  beer 
wherever  the  judges  or  rulers  had  their  residence; 
their  place  of  residence  and  the  ark  constituting  the 
capital  and  religions  centre  for  the  time  being.  These 
transient  capitals  were  successively  Gilgal"  Shiloh, 
Shochem,  Nob,  and  Gibeon.     (Joshua,  iv.  18,  19). 

David  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Solomon  lOlG  b.  c, 
whose  great  works  were  the  Temple  with  its  east  wall 
and  cloister,  the  house  of  the  forest  of  Lebanon,  the 
walls  of   Jerusalem,  with  large  towers  thereon,'  the 
great   cisterns   or  sea   under   the   temple   area,    the 
throne,  a  palace  for  his  Egyptian  wufe,  40,000  stalls 
for  his  horses,  the  garden,  Baalath,  Beth-horon,  Gezer, 
Ilazor,  Megiddo,  and  Tadnior.    The  crowning  glory  of 
his  reign  and  adornment  of  the  holy  city  was  the  Tem- 
ple or  House  of  Jehovah.    The  magnificence  and  mar- 
velous beauty  of  this  edifice  did  not  arise  so  much 
from  its  size  as  from  the  whiteness  of  its  walls,  the  stNle 
and  finish  of  its  many  columns  and  pillars,  and  lavish 
use  within  and  without  of  the  gold  of  Ophir  and  Par- 
vaim.  (See  page  341)  Through  the  whole  time  that  this 
Temple  was  in  building  the  tranquillity  of  the  city  was 
not  broken  by  the  sound  of  the  workman's  ax  or  ham- 
mer, and  the  only  dark  shade  to  the  pictui-e  is  the  fact 
of  the  practical  reduction  to  bondage  of  the  strangers 
in  the  land,  the  remnant  of  the  Canaanite  races  ;  rae 
hundred  and  fifty-three  thousand  of  whom  were  sent 
off  to  the  forests  of  Lebanon  and  the  quarries.     Even 


I 

m 


d 


/ , 


y-'^ 


<Z'' 


i 


I  ii  t 


the  Israelites  were  compelled  to  take  place  by  rota 
tioii  at  the  same  labor. 

The  adJitiou  of  tlie  f-plendid  Temple,  Palaces. 
AValls,  and  Towere,  together  with  other  great  improve- 
ments made  in  the  City  by  King  Solomon,  rendered 
it  at  the  close  of  his  reign  the  most  bcautilul  capital 
of  tlie  age.  Its  population  at  this  time  was  about 
130,000. 

Tlehoboam,  son  and  successor  of  King  Solomon, 
ascended  the  throne  976  B.C.,  and  reigned  17  years. 
Under  his  reign  the  ten  tribes  revolted  and  formed 
the  Kingdom  of  Israel,  under  Jeroboam,  with  their 
capital  at  Shechem,  Jerusalem  remaining  the  capital 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Judah. 

Rehoboam  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Abijam,  who 
reigned  3  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  Asa  his  son, 
who  ascended  the  throne  951  B.C.,  and  reigned  41 
yeai-s.  In  the  eleventh  year  of  his  reign  God  gave 
him  the  victory  over  the  vast  army  of  the  Cushite 
King  Zerah. 

Asa  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Jehoshaphat  914  b.c. 
Hip  reign  was  distinguished  by  the  cleansing  of  the 
land  from  idolatry,  the  restoration  of  the  divine  ordi- 
nances, and  provision  for  the  religious  instruction  of 
the  people.  The  great  error  of  his  life  was  an  entang- 
hng  alliance  with  Ahab,  whose  infamous  daughter 
Athalia  early  began  to  alliict  the  kingdom  of  Judah, 
of  which  she  was  afterwards  queen.  Jehoshaphat 
united  with  Ahaziah  in  a  commercial  enteri)rise 
which,  proving  to  be  a  failure,  he  declined  a  second 
trial :  he,  however,  united  with  Joram  in  a  war  with 
M<jHb,  in  which  he  was  assailed  by  a  vast  army  of 


2^/ 


WMmrniWmMmmMmsmimm 


lllA  I 


SOLOMON,   KING  OF  ISRAEL. 


Moabitcs,  Ammonites,  Edomites,  and  Syrians,  but 
through  his  faith  in  God  he  was  victorious.  After  a 
hi<i;hlj  prosperous  reign  of  25  years,  he  died  at  the 
age  of  GO. 

Joram  succeeded  his  father,  after  reigning  with  him 
four  years,  then  reigned  four  years  alone  ;  in  all  8  years. 
Unfortunately  he  was  married  to  Athalia,  daughter  of 
Ahab  and  Jezebel,  whose  evil  influence  did  much  to 
render  his  reign  a  curse  to  the  kingdom,  lie  slew  liis 
brothers,  five  in  number,  and  seized  their  possessions. 
lie  also  introduced  Phoenician  idols  and  idolatry  into 
Judea,  by  which  he  incurred  the  divine  disjdeasure, 
wliich  was  shown  by  leaving  him  unaided  under  a 
revolt  of  the  Edomites,  which  was  successful.  His 
kingdom  was  invaded  by  the  Philistines  and  Arabi- 
ans, who  ravaged  the  country,  the  citj^,  and  even  his 
own  house.  His  reign  ended  8S5  b.c,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Aliaziah  his  son,  who  reigned  but  a  short 
time — meeting  his  death  at  the  hand  c>f  Jehu  while 
in  company  with  Joram,  son  of  Ahab.  After  the 
premature  death  of  Ahaziah,  his  mother  Athalia 
ascended  the  throne  and  sought  to  secure  herself  on 
it  by  the  murder  of  all  the  seed  royal.  Joash,  her 
grandson,  then  an  infant  one  year  old,  was  the  only 
one  who  escaped — being  concealed  by  his  Aunt  Jelio- 
sheba.  Six  years  afterwards  the  f aitlif  ul  and  fearless 
high-priest  Jehoiada  caused  the  blood-stained  Athaha 
to  be  put  to  death,  and  crowned  Joash  king.  The 
reign  of  Joash  began  877  b.c.  Through  the  faithful 
care  of  Jehoiada,  Joash  served  God  and  prospered ;  but 
after  the  death  of  his  venerable  friend  and  adviser 

followed  less  wholesome  counsels,  idolatry  revived, 


p 

i 


M 


\ 


iii 


and  Zacbariah  tlie  high-priest  rebuked  the  guilty  peo- 
ple, upon  wliich  the  ungrateful  king  caused  this 
servant  of  God  to  be  stoned  to  deatli.  Misfortunes 
soon  multiplied  on  his  head;  he  was  repeatedly  hum- 
bled by  the  Syrians,  and  had  to  buy  them  off  with  the 
treasures  of  tlie  Temple.  A  conspiracy  among  liis 
servants  cut  short  his  life,  and  thus  ended  his  reign. 

Joash  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Amaziah,  who  be- 
gan to  reign  838  B.C.,  and  reigned  29  years.  Having 
established  himself  on  his  throne  and  punished  the 
murderers  of  his  father  with  death,  he  mustered  an 
army  of  300,000  men  of  Judah,  and  hired  100,000 
men  of  Israel  for  a  war  on  Edom.  At  the  command 
of  God,  he  reluctantly  dismissed  the  hired  forces, 
after  which  the  victory  was  given  him  without  tlieir 
assistance.  Kotwithstanding  the  divine  aid  in  his  be- 
half, he  carried  home  with  him  the  idols  of  Edom, 
and  set  them  up  to  be  his  gods.  For  this  defiance  of 
Jehovah,  he  was  threatened  with  destruction  by  a 
Prophet  of  the  Lord— which  came  in  a  war  in  whicli 
he  was  defeated  and  humiliated.  Fifteen  years 
after  this,  a  conspiracy  was  formed  against  him,  uj^on 
which  he  fled  to  Lachish,  where  he  was  overtaken 
and  slain. 

Amaziah  was  succeeded  by  Azariah— elsewhere 
Uzziali — who  began  to  reign  B.C.  808.  At  first  liis 
reign  was  prosperous ;  but  afterwards,  presuming  to 
offer  incense  in  the  Temple,  he  was  smitten  with 
leprosy,  from  which  he  suffered  till  his  death. 

Jotham,  son  of  Azanah,  succeeded  to  the  throne  756 
B.C.  No  event  of  importance  transpired  during  hia 
rei^n— which  was  wise  and  prosperous.     He  was  sue 


m 


^ 


'fit, 


*/F 


« 


-^1 


'9J 


^J 


m~ 


ceeded  by  his  son  Aliaz,  who  ascended  the  throne  742 
B.C.,  aiid  reigned  16  years.  lie  was  noted  for  his 
idolatry  and  contempt  of  God.  He  made  his  children 
pass  through  the  fire  to  idols ;  he  altered  the  Temple 
to  the  Syrian  model,  and  afterwards  closed  it  alto- 
gether. In  punishment  for  this  defiance  of  Jehovah, 
he  was  defeated  in  battle  with  Pekah  and  Eezin  ;  the 
Edomites  revolted,  and  his  borders  were  harassed  by 
the  Philistines.  Turning  still  more  away  from  God, 
in  his  distress  he  sought  aid  from  Pul,  king  of  As- 
syria, which  fatal  step  made  him  tributary  to  Pul  and 
his  successor  Tiglath-Pileser.  Ahaz  died  at  the  age  of 
36,  and  was  refused  burial  with  his  ancestors  the 
Kings. 

Ilezekiah,  son  of  Aliaz,  succeeded  to  tlie  throne  and 
began  his  reign  about  726  B.C.  His  reign  is  memor- 
able for  his  efforts  to  restore  the  worship  of  the  true 
God.  In  the  fourteenth  year  of  his  reign,  the  king 
of  Assyria  marched  against  Jerusalem,  and  sent  an 
insulting  and  blasphemous  message,  demanding  the 
surrender  of  the  city,  which  being  communicated  to 
Ilezekiah,  he  repaired  to  the  Temple  and  there  im- 
plored divine  aid  against  the  presumptuous  invader, 
in  response  to  which  the  Lord  sent  an  angel  that 
night  who  smote  and  destroyed  the  Assyrians — 
185,000  men — who  were  found  coi-pses  in  the 
morning. 

"Now  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  king  Hezekiah  did 
Sennacherib  king  of  Assyria  come  up  against  all  the 
fenced  cities  of  Judah,  and  took  them. 

And  the  king  of  Assyria  sent  Tartan  and  Kabsaris 
and  Rab-shakeh  from  Lachish  to  Idng  Hezekiah  with 


i 


'J 


'(ft 


a  great  host  against  Jerusalem :  and  they  went  up  and 
came  to  Jerusalem.  And  when  they  were  come  up. 
they  came  and  stood  by  the  conduit  of  the  upper  pool. 
which  is  in  the  highway  of  the  fuller's  field. 

And  when  they  had  called  to  the  king,  there  came 
out  to  them  Eliakim  the  son  of  Ililkiah,  which  wai> 
over  the  household,  and  Shebna  the  scribe,  and  Joah 
the  son  of  Asaph  the  recorder. 

And  Eab-shakeh  said  unto  them,  Speak  ye  now  to 
Ilezekiah,  Thus  saith  the  great  king,  the  king  of 
Assyria,  "What  confidence  is  this  whej-ein  thou  trust- 
est? 

"And  it  came  to  pass  that  night,  that  the  angel  of 
the  Lord  went  out,  and  smote  in  the  camp  of  the 
Assyrians  a  hundred  fourscore  and  five  thousand : 
and  when  they  arose  early  in  the  morning,  behold, 
they  were  all  dead  corpses."  (2  Kings,  17,  18,  19 — 
xix.  35.) 

Ilezekiah  died  697  B.C.  and  was  succeeded  by  Ma- 
nasseh,  who  began  to  reign  when  he  was  twelve  years 
old,  and  reigned  55  years.  The  commencement  of 
his  reign  was  noted  for  his  shocking  idolatries,  cru- 
elty, and  tyranny,  for  which  God  suffered  him  to 
be  carried  a  prisoner  to  Babylon  in  the  twenty- 
second  year  of  his  reign,  by  Esar-IIaddon,  king  of 
Assyria.  Here,  however,  he  so  humbled  himself,  that 
God  moved  the  Assyrians  to  restore  him  to  his  throne 
as  a  tributary ;  and  thenceforth,  he  set  himself  Xo 
undo  the  jrreat  evil  he  had  done.  lie  abolished  tlic 
worship  of  idols  and  repaired  the  defences  of  the  city, 
enclosing  with  a  wall  more  space  at  the  west,  and 
Ophel  on  the  south-east,  and  after  a  long  reigu  he  died 


in  peace,  and  was  buried  in  Jerusalem.  Manasseh 
was  succeeded  by  Amon,  who  began  to  reign  at  the 
ac-e  of  22,  642  b.c.  His  servants  conspired  against 
him  and  slew  him  in  his  own  house  ;  but  the  people 
killed  the  conspirators  and  established  his  son  Josiah 
on  the  throne,  who  commenced  to  reign  640  B.C. 
He  set  himself  at  once  to  work  to  destroy  every 
vestige  of  idolatry  out  of  the  land.  He  defiled  the 
altars  of  the  idols  at  Bethel  by  burning  upon  them 
the  bones  of  their  deceased  priests ;  as  had  been  fore- 
told more  than  three  centuries  before  (1  Kings,  xiii. 
2).  The  Temple  was  cleansed  and  repaired  at  his 
command,  and  it  was  while  doing  this  that  the  priest 
found  the  Temple  copy  of  the  law  ;  perhaps  the  orig- 
inal copy  from  Moses'  own  hand.  Pharao-Necho, 
marching  to  attack  the  king  of  Assyria,  passed  across 
the  territory  of  Josiah,  who,  in  an  attempt  to  stop  him, 
gave  him  battle,  in  which  he  lost  his  life,  609  b.c. 
Josiah  was  succeeded  by  Jehoahaz,  who  reigned  only 
about  three  months,  when  he  was  deposed  by  the 
king  of  Egypt. 

Jehoiakim,  second  son  of  Josiah,  succeeded  Jehoa- 
haz on  the  throne,  and  began  to  reign  about  609  b.c. 
In  the  third  year  of  his  reign  Kebuchadnezzar  took  the 
cjity  and  carried  to  Babylon  a  part  of  his  princes  and 
treasures.  A  year  after  this  his  allies  the  Egyptians 
were  defeated  on  the  Euphrates,  yet  he  despised  the 
warnings  of  Jeremiah  and  cast  his  book  into  the  fire. 
At  length  he  rebelled  against  Nebuchadnezzar,  and 
was  defeated  and  slain.  Jehoiachin,  son  of  Jeho- 
iakim, succeeded  to  the  throne  599  B.C.  After 
rei<Tninfr  three   months,  he  was   carried   captive   to 


m 


m 


m 

4 

m 


1 


Dahvlon,  where  lie  remained  imprisoned  30  years, 
but  was  then  released  and  treated  %\'itli  favor  by  Evil 
Merodach. 

Zcdekiah. — "Wlien  Xebuchadnezzar  took  Jerusalem 
and  carried  Jehoiachin  away  captive,  he  put  in  his 
place  Mattaniah,  whose  name  he  changed  to  Zede- 
kiah,  and  made  him  swear  that  he  would  maintain 
fidelity  to  him.  Yet  in  the  ninth  year  of  his  reign 
he  revolted  and  applied  to  Pharaoh-hophra  for  assis- 
tance. Cpon  this  Xebuchadnezzar  marched  to  Jeru- 
salem, and  after  a  siege  of  a  year  and  a  half  took  the 
city  5S8  B.  c.  Entrance  was  gained  at  midnight 
when  the  city  was  wrapped  in  the  pitchy  darkness 
characteristic  of  an  eastern  town,  and  nothing  was 
known  by  the  Jews  of  what  had  liappened  till  the 
generals  of  tlie  invading  army  entered  the  Temple 
and  took  seats  in  the  middle  court.  Then  the 
alarm  w£ls  given,  when  Zedekiah  hastily  collected 
his  remaining  warriors  and  stole  ont  of  the  city 
by  a  gate  at  the  south  side — near  the  present  Bab- 
el-Mugharibeh,  crossed  the  Kidron  above  the  royal 
gardens,  and  made  his  way  over  Mount  Olivet 
to  the  Jordan  valley ;  but  the  Chaldeans  pur- 
sued and  overtook  them  on  the  plains  of  Jericho, 
Zedekiah  was  taken  and  carried  to  Nebuchadnezzar, 
then  at  Riblah  in  Syria,  who  reproached  him  with  his 
perfidy,  ordered  his  children  to  be  slain  before  his 
face,  and  his  eyes  to  be  put  out ;  and  then  loading  him 
with  chains  of  brass,  ordered  him  to  be  sent  to  Baby- 
ion. — (See  Babylonish  captivity,  page  308.) 

Meantime  the  wretched  inhabitatits  suffered  all  the 
horroi-s  of  assault  and  sack ;  the  men  were  slauglitered, 


'V^ 


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i 


m 


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>\i*ii 


mi 

Imli 


old  and  young,  prince  and  peasant ;  and  the  women 
violated  in  Mt.  Zion  itself.  On  the  7th  day  of  tho 
foUowii.i^  month  Nebuzaradan  arrived,  collected  the 
ci4)tives  and  booty,  and  on  the  tenth  the  temple,  the 
royal  palace,  and  all  the  more  important  buildings  of 
the  city  Avere  set  on  lire,  and  the  walls  thrown  down 
and  left  as  heaps  of  rubbish.  This  destruction  of  the 
city  and  deportation  left  the  land  nearly  deserted. 

The  subsequent  history  of  Jerusalem  may  be  epi- 
tomized as  follows  :— About  332  b.c.  it  was  taken  by 
Alexander  of  Macedon.  Shortly  after  his  death 
Ptolemy  Lagus,  of  Egypt,  took  it  by  assault  on  the 
Sabbath,  when  it  is  said  the  Jews  scrupled  to  fight. 
199  B.  c,  Scopus,  an  Egyptian  general,  recovered 
Judea  to  the  King  of  Egypt.  170  b.  c,  it  was  taken 
by  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  who  razed  its  walls,  set  up 
an  image  of  Jupiter  in  the  Temple,  and  used  every 
means  to  force  the  people  into  idolatry.  Under  the 
Maccabees  the  Jews  again  recovered  their  independ- 
ence 1G5  B.  c.  About  100  years  later  it  was  con- 
quei-ed  by  the  Eomans,  and  Herod  the  Great  ex- 
pended vast  sums  in  its  embellishment. 

A.  D.  03,  the  Jews  renounced  their  allegiance  to 
Vespasian,  upon  which  hostilities  at  once  began. 
The  insurgents  held  the  Temple  and  lower  city.  In 
the  Castle  of  Antonia  was  a  small  Roman  garrison. 
Fierce  contests  lasted  for  several  days,  each  side  en- 
deavoring to  gain  possession  of  the  part  held  by  the 
other.  At  last  the  insurgents  became  masters  of  the 
city  and  Temple.  Cestius  Gallus,  then  encamped  on 
Scopas,  advanced  on  the  city  and  for  six  days  as- 
sauHcd  the  walls,  but  without  success.    He  then  drew 


% 

Mi 


■  ■'  ■  ■       - — l'^''  .  -  -^^^ 


',^^=^. 


off  to  his  camp.  Tliitlier  the  insurgents  followed 
him,  and  in  three  davfi  gave  liim  one  of  the  most  com- 
[ilete  defeats  ever  undoi-gone  bv  a  Roman  army. 

Tlie  Jews  tlien  repaired  the  walls  of  the  cit}'  and 
made  great  preparations  for  its  defense  against  another 
expected  attempt  by  tlie  Romans — which  was  soon 
made  by  Titus,  who  arrived  and  encamped  on  Scopas 
and  Blount  Olivet,  and  commenced  the  siege.  April 
the  15th  the  first  breacli  was  made  in  the  walls.  June 
the  11th  the  Tower  of  Antonia  was  taken.  July  the 
15th  a  soldier  wantonly  and  without  ordei-s  set  fire 
to  the  Temple,  which  was  destroyed  except  the  edi- 
fice of  the  Sanctuary.  September  the  11th  the  city 
was  talvcn,  and  its  destruction  completed,  except  the 
three  great  towers — Ilippicus,  Phasaelus,  and  ^lari- 
arane,  which  were  left  standing  as  memorials  of  the 
massive  nature  of  the  fortifications. 

A.D.  135,  Adrian  banished  the  Jews  and  planted  a 
Roman  colony  there.  He  also  consecrated  the  city  to 
heathen  deities,  so  as  to  defile  it  as  much  as  possil)le, 
and  did  what  he  could  to  obliterate  all  traces  both  of 
Judaism  and  Christianity. 

About  A.D.  326,  Helena,  the  mother  of  Constantinc, 
l»uilt  two  churches  in  Bethlehem  and  on  Mount 
(Jlivet.  Julian  endeavored  to  rebuild  the  Temi^le, 
A.  D.  3G3,  but  liis  design  was  frustrated,  as  contempo 
raneous  writers  relate,  by  an  earthquake  and  by  balls 
of  fire  bui-stin<;  amoui;  the  workmen. 

A.D.  013  Jerusalem  was  taken  by  Chosrocs,  king 
of  Persia,  who  slew  90,000  men,  and  demolished  the 
buildings  and  objects  venerated  by  the  Christians.  In 
G27  lleraclius  defeated  Chosroes,  and  Jerusalem  was 


— ^-1, 


».  iiTai 


K1AKJV1N(,   COXTkllU    rnJNS   1(.R    KKlJLILDlXt'    i'llL    J1:MPLE^ 


'Ik 


i\\ 


recwered  by  the  Greeks.  637  it  was  taken  by 
Omar,  the  second  of  the  Kalifs,  and  thus  passed  un- 
der Mohammedan  rule.  The  Mosque  of  Omar  on  the 
Temple  site  was  built  by  this  Mohammedan  Kalif. 
From  this  time  Jerusalem  continued  under  the  Kalifs 
of  Bagdad,  till  SOS,  when  it  was  taken  by  Ahmed,  a 
Turkish  sovereign  of  Egypt.  Froip  this  till  1099  it 
was  ruled  alternately  by  Turk  and  Saracen.  At  tliis 
latter  period  it  was  taken  by  the  crusaders  under  God- 
frey Bouillon,  who  was  elected  king.  lie  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother  Baldwin,  who  died  inlllS.  Inll87 
Saladiu,  Sultan  of  the  East,  took  the  city.  In  1242  it 
was  restored  to  the  Latin  princes  by  Saleh  Ismail, 
Emir  of  Damascus.  In  1291  it  was  taken  by  the  Sul- 
tans of  Egypt,  who  held  it  until  1382.  Selim,  Sul- 
tan of  Turkey,  made  conquest  of  Egypt,  Syria  and 
Jerusalem  in  1517,  and  his  son  Solyman  reconstructed 
the  walls  of  the  city,  as  now  seen,  in  1534  Since 
this  tune,  with  the  exception  of  the  2  years  it  was 
held  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  of  Eg^^^t,  and  two  years  by 
the  FeUahin,  it  has  remained  subject  to  Turkey.  It 
is  now  included  in  the  pashalic  of  Damascus,  but 
with  a  resident  Turkish  governor. 

Altogether,  Jerusalem  presents  a  histor}-  unex- 
ampled in  the  nmnber  of  its  sieges  and  other  trao-ical 
events.  It  has  greatly  declined  from  its  former  size 
and  splendor,  and  has  now  a  population  of  only  20,000. 
3 


W 


I 


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f '■ 


^i  I 


CHAPTER  IL 


A    SKETCH     OF    THE     TOPOGRAPHY     OF     THE     CITY     JlS: 
ADJOmiNG   COUNTKY. 


Ijr^li 


I) 


m 


XI 


Jerusalem—  Valley  of  J'ehosliaphat--IIinnoni,—  Tijropfron- 
Walls — Gates — David  Street — Via  Dolorosa — Mounl 
Zion. 

To  render  the  situation  and  description  of  the 
points  of  interest  intelligible  to  those  who  are  not 
familiar  with  the  subject,  a  slight  sketch  of  the  to 
pography  of  the  city  and  adjoining  country  will  bo 
necessary. 

Jerusalem  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  tlie  ridgo 
which  extends  through  Palestine  from  north  to  south ; 
the  only  apf)roach  to  the  city  being  by  wild  m( tun- 
tain  roads.  The  spur  or  plateau  on  which  the  city  is 
built  has  a  general  slant  to  the  south-cast,  and  its  av- 
erage height  above  the  Mediterranean  is  2,475  feet. 

This  plateau  is  of  tertiary  Umestono,  the  upj>er  beds 
of  which  are  a  hard,  compact  stone  called  by  tlio 
Arabs  "  Mezzeli,"  while  the  lower  consists  of  u  soft 
white  stone  called  "  Melekeh."  It  was  in  this  lattei 
that  most  of  the  ancient  tombs  and  cisterns  were  cut. 


.O 


Uv 


!^1i 


The  city  is  nearly  surrounded  \)\  two  ravines  or 
valleys :  JchoshapLat  on  the  east,  and  llinuom  on  the 
west  and  south. 


TUE    V^ViLEY    OF   JEHOSnAJMIAT 

cunnncnces  well  around  to  the  north  of  the  city,  and 
at  fii-st  its  couj-se  is  nearly  east  for  a  mile  and  a  half ; 
it  tlien  makes  a  shai-p  bend  to  tlie  south,  which  course 
it  follows  to  En  Eogel,  a  deep  avcII  a  short  distance 
below  the  city.  From  this  point  it  winds  its  way 
through  the  wild  hilly  country  of  Judea,  twelve 
miles  to  the  Dead  Sea.  Thi-ough  this  valley  runs 
the  brook  Kedron. 


TUE    VALLEY    OF    UIXKOM 

commences  west  of  the  city,  and  its  course  is  at  first 
south-east  to  nearly  opposite  Jaffa  gate,  where  it  bends 
to  the  south,  M'hicli  c(»urse  it  follows  to  a  short  distance 
below  the  lower  pool  of  Gihon ;  at  this  point  it  nudvcs 
a  sharp  bend  to  the  east,  and,  passing  the  south  end 
of  the  city,  joins  the  valley  of  Jehoshajthat  at  En 
Kogel.  Both  of  these  valleys  are  at  fiist  very  shallow, 
mere  depressions  in  the  ground,  but  after  changing 
their  coui-ses,  the  Iliimom  to  the  east,  and  Jehosha- 
phat  to  the  south,  they  fall  and  deepen  more  raj)- 
idly,  60  that  at  En  Kogel  they  are  six  hundred  and 
Fcvcnty  feet  lower  than  at  their  starting  points. 
Between  the  valley  of  Ilinnom  and  Jehot-h:i}>hat 
'licre  is  another  ravine. 


1^^-^  ■? 


43 


THE    TTEOPCEON,    VM.LKY    <  iF    'IIIK 


ciii:i-:8i:-M0N0ERfl, 
commences  near  the  Damascus  gate,  and  rumiiiip 
nearly  south,  joins  the  Jchoshaphat  at  Silojiiiu 
This  radne  divides  the  plateau  on  which  the  citv 
stands  into  two  unequal  halves,  the  western  Bpm 
being  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  higher  than  the 
eastern;  on  the  latter — Mount  Moriah — once  stood  iIk; 
temples  of  Solomon,  Zerubbahcl,  and  Ilerod.  On  the 
western  was  the  upper  city  of  Joscphus,  and  here  ali^o 
stood  the  three  great  towers — llippicus,  Phasjiilus,  and 
Mariarane.  The  sides  of  these  valleys  are  now  en- 
cumbered with  much  rubbish,  still  they  are  sufllcientlv 
steep  to  be  difficult  of  access,  so  that  in  ancient  times 
they  must  have  afforded  a  strong  natural  defence  for 
the  south,  west,  and  east  sides  of  the  city,  and  this  it 
^vas  which  gave  the  Jcbusites  such  assiiriincc  wiien 
they  said  to  David,  "Thou  Avilt  not  come  up  hither; 
the  blind  and  the  lame  shall  drive  thee  back,"  * 

The  original  city  was  built  on  Zion,  and  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  wall,  and  as  the  city  was  enlargc<l 
a  second  wall  was  built;  afterwards  a  third.  The 
city  is  not  near  as  large  now  as  at  the  time  of  Christ, 
being  only  about  two  and  a  half  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. The  present  wall  is  very  strongly  built,  its 
thickness  being  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet,  and  it^ 
height  varjnng  from  thirty  to  seventy  feet,  according 
to  the  inequalities  of  the  sm-face  of  the  ground. 

*  Rendering  in  the  German  version. 


it 


-  -I? 


Ka 


There  are  five  gates  now  in  use:  the  Damascus 
gate  on  the  north,  St.  Stejthen  gate  on  the  east,  the 
Sun  and  Dung  gates  on  the  south,  and  the  Jaffa*  gate 
on  the  west. 

There  are  also  five  ancient  gates,  now  closed,  viz, : 
the  Bah  Azzahire  on  the  north,  the  Golden  gate  on 
tlie  east  side  of  the  Temple  area,  and  the  Single, 
Douhle,t  and  Triple  gates  on  the  south  side. 


DAVID    STREET 

runs  from  Jaffa  gate  on  tlie  west  to  the  Temple 
area  on  the  east;  Dolorosa  runs  from  St.  Stephen 
gate  on  the  east  to  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 
Noith  and  west  of  David  street  is  the  Christian  cpiar- 
ter  of  the  city ;  near  the  centre  of  tliis  quarter,  at 
the  west  end  of  Dolorosa,  is  the  church  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre ;  south  of  this  is  Zion,  Zion  gate,  and  the 
lepers'  liuts.  South  of  this  is  David's  resting-place, 
or  tomb  of  David.  North  of  the  Tcmi)le  area  is  a 
hill  which  is  doubtless  the  Bezetha  of  Josephus.  It 
is  now  occupied  by  Moslem  houses,  a  convent  built 
by  the  CcBurs  de  Sion,  and  the  British,  Prussian,  and 
Austrian  consulates. 


MOUNT   ZION. 


Mount  Zion  is  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  city, 
[t  is  bounded  on  the  west  and  south  l)y  the  valley  of 

*  Ancient  Joppa,  now  Jaffn  gate. 

t  The  ancient  South  gate  of  the  Temple. 


'9^^^ 


45 


ITinnom,  and  on  the  eastby  tlie  Tympcrdn.  l-'rom  the 
valley  of  lliiinom  the  sides  anciently  rot^u  up  in  Btoep 
rocky  precij^ices,  but  the  ruins  from  the  niuny  de- 
structions of  the  city  have  been  tumbled  into  tli(.>c 
valleys  so  as  to  cover  up,  in  many  places,  the  i)recipi- 
ces,  and  entirely  obliterate  all  traces  of  the  <)rii,'ina] 
brow  of  the  hill.  This  is  especially  the  case  witjj  the 
Tyropceon  valley,  which  is  now  so  filled  with  the  ac- 
cumulations of  ruins,  that  opposite  to  Mount  Zion  it 
has  hardly  the  appearance  of  a  valley;  even  on  the  top 
of  the  hill,  where  a  few  years  since  the  Enji^lish  cluirch 
was  built,  nearly  fifty  feet  of  rubbish  was  dug  through 
before  the  original  soil  was  reached. 

The  southern  brow  of  Zion  is  bold  and  prominent, 
and  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  city  it  is  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  feet  above  the  valley,  and  on  the  south 
three  hundred. 

Upon  this  mount  the  original  city  was  built.  Here 
was  the  stronghold  of  the  Jebusites,  which  was  cap 
tured  by  David,  and  here  was  the  palace  of  tlie  kings 
of  Israel.  But  now  how  changed  !  On  ground  once 
thickly  covered  with  public  edifices  and  dwellings 
among  mounds  of  ruins,  large  patches  of  barley 
and  wheat  may  be  seen  growing.  "  Therefore  sluill 
Zion,  for  your  sake,  be  ploughed  sis  a  field,  and 
Jerusalem  become  heaps,  and  the  mountain  of  the 
house  as  the  high  places  of  the  forests."  (^licah  iii. 
12.) 

Several  valleys  begin  north  and  west  of  the  city, 
and  wind  south  and  west  to  the  sea,  the  largc'^t  of 
which  is  Wady  Beit  Ilanina,  continued  in  Wady 
Surar.     The  mountains  romid  about  Jerusalem  uro 


'^ 


)i 


■^1 


X 


Z5!>^ 


i^^^ 


V 


S 


hiijlier  than  the  city  on  every  side  ;  so  it  is  necessary 
to  go  1/J9  to  the  city  from  any  direction. 

The  names  and  localities  of  the  several  hills  are 
plainly  given  on  the  engraving.*  The  walls  of  the 
nK>dern  city  are  indicated  hy  the  hea\'y  hlack  line. 
The  more  ancient  walls  are  shown  hy  dots  and  marks 
arranged  and  named  on  the  engraving. 

In  the  Bihle  and  Josephus  there  are  given  the 
names  of  the  gates,  towers,  and  notahle  edifices, 
the  sites  of  which  are  laid  down  on  the  plan  in 
accordance  with  tlie  reports  of  the  latest  ordnance 
eurveys  and  explorations. 

'*'  JeruBoIem  and  its  ruina — See  first  part  of  the  Book. 


CHAPTER  TIL 


a 


M 


\mm 


RELICS,  OBJECTS,  AND   PLACES   OF   IXTEREST. 

Ancient  Potterij — Lamps— Knives  and  other  RcVaw 
— Zion  Bridge — Ancient  Castle  of  David — Gatt^s 
of  the  City — Pools — Fountains— Valley  of  Je- 
hoshaphat — Village  of  Siloam — Ancient  Tomhs 
and  Vaults — Valley  of  Ilinnom — Aceldama  the 
Field  of  Blood. 


In  the  description  of  the  Subterranean  Quarry  a  cut 
of  a  lamp  is  given  showing  how  tlie  quarry  was  liglitcd 
while  the  men  were  at  w^ork.  It  will  be  interesting 
to  notice  some  of  the  many  forms  of  lamps,  with  their 
singular  marks  and  inscriptions,  that  have  been  found 
among  the  rubbish  in  the  various  excavations  uudei 
Jerusalem,  in  cisterns  or  sewers,  where  they  liave  l)cen 
accidentally  dropped,  or  in  chambei-s  Avlierc  they 
were  left  when  the  rooms  were  abandoned.  Nearly 
all  of  those  found  are  broken,  a  few  only  being 
whole,  which  had  been  lost,  perhaps.  Many  of  the 
objects  found  in  the  rubbish  M'cre  tlic  work  of  Grcckp 
orliomans,  and  may  have  been  imported  from  Enr«i|)C. 
But  thei'c  are  also  specimens  of  Plux'nician  or  Hebrew 
workmanship,  especially  the  most  ancient  nrticU>^ 
which  were  found  in  the  deepest  jilaccs,  apj)arentl> 


m\ 


'? 


i 

n 


where  they  had  lain  nndistiirbed  since  the  time  of 
Solomon. 

Of  the  earthenware  and  terra-cotta  there  are  live 
classes  of  objects  among  those  discovered. 

1.  Ancient  Hebrew  and  Phoenician. 

2.  Greek  or  made  by  Greek  colonies. 

3.  Koman  or  their  colonies. 

4.  Christian,  of  the  earh'  ages. 

5.  Arai)ic,  middle  age  and  modern. 

Of  the  first  there  are  a  large  number  of  fragments, 
the  most  interesting  of  which  are  vase  handles  with 
curious  devices  stamped  on  the  clay  before  it  was 
burned  in  the  kiln.  Some  of  these  were  found  at  a 
depth  of  sixty-three  feet  below  the  present  surface. 
There  is  on  nearly  e^■ery  one  a  figure  of  Baal  with 
letters  above  and  below  it,  sif^nifvins:  that  the 
maker  had  the  royal  license  of  manufacture.  Some 
of  these  have  a  cross,  as  the  pottei-'s  mark.  There 
was  a  royal  guild  of  potters  in  Jerusalem,  as  mention- 
ed in  Chron.  iv.  23. 

Two  of  the  Greek  specimens  are  of  the  most 
ancient  and  curious  make  ;  they  are  round  lamps  with 
four  lips  or  places  for  wicks.  These  lamps  were 
found  in  a  cave  on  Mount  Olivet.  Othei-s  of  this 
pattern  have  been  found  on  the  Island  of  Cyprus, 
and  in  Malta  and  other  Greek  localities.  The  caves 
of  Olivet  have  furnished  many  specimens  of  vases, 
dishes,  and  lamps  of  various  patterns  and  of  different 
workmanship,  Greek,  Roman,  and  later.  One  of 
these  is  saucer-shaped,  ten  inches  across,  and  has 
three  legs,  ea(;h  perforated,  forming  rings  by  which 
the  article  was  hung  up  when  not  in  use.     Some  of 


Jewish  lamp. 


Ancient  KnIveB,  Lamps,  nnd  Inkbottla. 


51 


■*  ^^  ■  w^     ,^ 


the  Greek  articles  were  of  yellow  ware  ornamented 
with  red  patterns  in  the  true  Greek  stylo.  Siini- 
l:ir  jugs  and  vases  may  now  be  seen  in  use  among  tho 
Arab  Kabyles  in  Algeria.  One  i)iece  of  the  upper 
])art  of  a  jug  was  ornamented  in  imitation  of  a  girl 
with  a  shawl  thrown  over  her  sliouldei-s  figured  in 
Grecian  pattern  and  very  skilfully  executed. 

Six  different  vases  were  found  whole  or  broken,  of 
precisely  similar  patterns  and  ornaments  to  some  tliat 
were  found  in  Egypt.  They  are  of  a  very  hard  blai-k 
substance  and  coated  with  a  crimson  glaze.  Five  are 
shaped  like  a  cedar  cone,  but  riljbed  in  sections 
besides  the  seed  markings. 

Third. — Fragments  of  several  kinds  of  pottery  of 
Roman  work  were  found  in  different  places,  some 
of  which  were  very  beautiful,  and  bore  inscriptions. 
The  Romans  used  pottery  to  a  great  extent,  and  always 
left  fi'agments  of  broken  ware  wherever  they  camitcd, 
and  some  interesting  specimens  have  been  fomid  in 
Jericho  and  other  places  in  Palestine. 

Fourth. — Among  the  articles  of  the  Christian  period 
there  are  a  great  number  of  lamps,  nearly  all  of 
which  are  rendered  interesting  by  the  inscriptions 
inscribed  on  them,  or  from  the  locality  where  they 
were  discovered.  Judeciuir  from  the  material  and 
style  of  lamps  the  early  Christians  were  very  i)oor  and 
also  very  devout.  The  devices  stamped  on  them  are 
various,  and  include  the  cross  in  nuvny  styles — the 
seven-branched-candlestick,  formed  after  that  which 
lighted  the  Holy  Place  in  Solomon's  Temple,  and 
emblematical  of  Christ  the  light  of  the  WorKl ;  the 
palm   branch  suggested   by  the    passa^'O  in   Pwibns 


h4\ 


y-U 


m 


■ri 


'V 


i 


xcii.,  and  St.  Julm's  Gospel,  xii.  13,  and  in  Tievclii 
tiou  ii.  9.  Nearly  all  of  these  lamps  are  pear-shap- 
ed, and  ornamented  around  the  edge  of  the  top 
only.  (See  Xo.  S.)  The  romid  lamp  (see  No.  7) 
is  of  Greek  workmanship,  and  is  ornamented. 
Inscriptions  are  fomid  on  some  of  them,  one  of 
which  reads  F  II  O  S'  (f)o>i  Christus  (xs),  phenipacin 
^EXIIIAKIN,  and  may  he  translated  "Christ  the 
light  of  all,"  or  "the  light  of  Christ  shines  out." 
Another  has  the  legend  IX&.  Jesus  Christ  God,  or 
it  may  be  the  Symbol  of  the  fish  ictuus  meaning 
Chi-ist — in  Greek  also  Jesus  Christ  Saviour. 

Fifth. — Tlie  Arabic  pottery  is  interesting  from  its 
material  and  designs.  One  pattern  has  a  design 
painted  on  it,  in  blue  and  black  lines,  and  is  similar 
to  specimens  found  in  Egypt.  Some  of  them  have 
inscriptions  in  the  peculiar  Coptic  letter,  and  probably 
date  as  far  back  as  the  age  of  Ilaroun  al  Faschid. 
The  wall  tiles  of  the  Mosque  of  the  Sakkaraat  Jerusa- 
lem are  of  similar  materials,  and  also  those  of  the 
Great  Mosque  at  Damascus,  whei-e  they  are  orna- 
mented with  a  pattern  in  blue  lines  on  a  pale  green 
f^round. 

The  articles  of  glass  that  have  been  found  are 
highly  interesting  as  antiquities,  as  they  i)rove  the  use 
of  the  material  in  ancient  times.  One  of  the  glass 
vessels  found  is  double,  and  was  doubtless  an 
ink-holder.  It  had  three  handles,  one  on  each  side, 
and  one  on  the  top,  the  last  having  been  broken 
(see  No.  C) ;  the  color  is  a  pale  green,  ornamented 
with  circular  and  zigzag  lines  of  a  dark  blue  tint,  re- 
lieved by  a  darker  blue.     The  large  glass  lamp,  with 


lit 

\ 

mil 

iiiti . 

m 

m 

»£^ll 


mm 


a  wide  open  top,  h:is  tlircc  IkukUcs  for  Riispenflin>» 
fliaiiis,  and  is  of  a  [)ale  i^rocn  color,  Tlio  old  0»ptir 
Convents  in  Eo:ypt  are  li<;lited  to  this  day  hy  Bimilur 
lamps,  some  of  which  have  inscriptions  in  the  Coptic 
lani!;uage  selected  fnnn  the  Sew  Testament. 

Objects  in  bronze,  copper,  and  stono  are  (juite 
nmnerous,  and  highly  interestinf,'  as  si)ccimen8  of 
ancient  workmanship,  and  as  showing  some  of  tin- 
tools  and  implements  in  nse  at  the  time  of  the  two 
Uirams. 

THE   ECCE    HOMO    ARCn. 

This  arch  is  over  the  Via  Dolorosa  opposite  the  Gov- 
ernor's house,  and  is  traditionally  said  to  bear  the  verv 
chamber  and  window  from  which  Jesus  was  shown 
to  the  people  l)y  Pilate  when  he  said  "  J'.ehold  the 
Man"  (ecce  homo). 

This  Arch  spans  the  principal  street  of  the  city,  be- 
ing the  one  that  leads  from  St.  Stephen's  Gate  on  tlw 
east  to  the  Joppa  Gate  on  the  west,  along  which  thou- 
sands of  pilgrims  from  different  countries  pass  in  all 
sorts  of  garb  and  every  variety  of  style,  on  foot,  on 
donkeys,  camels  and  horses.  Some  loaded  with  bair- 
gage,  others  with  books  or  relics,  and,  mingling  with 
these,  the  natives  in  equally  varied  costume  and  con 
dition  carrying  fruit,  M'ater-jars,  and  chiMron,  No 
greater  picture  of  confusion  could  l)e  imagined  than 
is  seen  in  Jerusalem  about  the  time  of  Eju^ter  every 
year,  when  nearly  every  nation  under  the  sun  is  rcjirc 
sented  by  pilgrims  of  every  degree,  from  the  wealthy 
nabob  on  horseback  to  the  poor  and  lame  hobbling  on 

foot. 

4 


f 


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.A 


^irt? 


L^ 


.rujc. 


A 


hi 


ii 


'U'     ».' 


^ fh 


THE    ACACIA -TRKE. 

Tlie  Acacia  Seyal  is  one  of  tlie  niost  beautiful  cver- 
frreens  of  Palestine.  It  is  often  fctuntl  <rr(i\vin<x  in  the 
dry  l»e(l  of  some  extinct  brook  Mhere  all  other  trees 
have  died  out.  The  wood  is  fine-grained  and  hard,  of  a 
bro\\ni  color.  The  leaves  are  small  and  jtinnulate. 
and  its  blossoms  are  little  tufts  of  yellow  fiber-like 
hair ;  the  seeds  are  in  pods. 

The  larirest  acacias  in  Palestine  are  those  jTrowini; 
near  the  fountains  of  Engedi,  on  the  west  shore  t>f 
the  Dead  Sea  ;  several  of  which  are  from  six  to  eight 
feet  in  diameter.  They  are  found  growing  all  along 
the  coui-se  of  the  Jordan  south  of  the  Sea  of  Galilee. 

The  gum-arabic  of  commerce  and  medicine  is  pro- 
duced by  this  tree  spontaneously  and  from  incisions 
in  the  bark.  The  Arabs  use  it  for  food  in  time  of 
scarcity.  Camels  eat  its  thorny  foliage.  Its  use  by 
the  fraternity  is  well  known,  and  refers  to  it  as  an 
evergreen,  and  therefore  a  veiy  a)>i>rr,priate  emblem 
of  life  beyond  the  grave. 


4) 


ID'- 


ZION    BUIDOE, — NO.    52. 

Tliis  bridge  crossed  tlie  Tyropoion  Valley,  nm 
nectiug  Mount  Zion  M'itli  JMouiit  Moriuli.  There 
is  but  little  remaining  of  this  jinciciit  structure 
except  on  the  Moriah  side,  where  it  united  with  the 
Temjjle  wall ;  here  a  portion  of  one  of  the  iin-hcs 
still  remains.  Tliis  is  doubtless  the  bridge  mentioned 
by  Joseplms,  the  construction  of  whicli  is  ascribed  t'^ 
Solomon. 


THE   ANCIENT   CASTLE   OF   DAVID. 

The  large  space  just  inside  of  the  Jaffa  Gate,  to 
the  south,  where  are  seen  the  numbers  3,  5, 44, 48,  and 
51,  is  the  area  once  occupied  by  the  ancient  Castle  of 
David,  Fort  and  Castle  of  Zion,  and  other  w(»rks  of 
defence.  But  little  now  remains  to  be  seen  of  them 
except  the  Tower  of  David,  No.  3,  and  the  Citadel. 
No.  5. 

TuE  Citadel,  or  Castle  of  David  (No.  5),  near  t la- 
Jaffa  gate,  is  remarkable  for  its  great  strength  and 
venerable  antiquity.  The  lower  part  of  it  is  built  of 
massive  stones,  from  nine  to  thirteen  feet  in  length, 
and  from  three  to  four  feet  thick.  Their  Jewi.-h 
origin  is  indicated  by  the  deep  bevel  round  the 
edires.  The  heio-ht  of  the  tower  above  the  jirest-nt 
level  of  the  fosse  is  forty  feet.  It  is  built  solid,  an<l 
recent  excavations  show  that  for  a  con-^idenible 
heio;ht  above  the  foundation  it  is  formed  of  the 
natural  rock,  hewn  into  shai)C  and  faced  with  stones. 
This  is  one  of  the  towers  saved  bv  Titus  as  a  mcnu^- 


^(1 


T-    <f> 


(■V'.  i 


M 


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rial  of  the  almost  iinpreguable  strength  of  the  cit}- 
he  had  captured. 

Xo.  20. — Tlic  Staius  of  David  arc  a  flight  of  steps 
rut  ill  the  native  rock  near  the  Siloam  pooh  (See 
Xeheiiiiah  xii.  37.) 

THE   JAFFA    GATE. (aXCIENT   JOl'I'A    GATE.) 

This  is  the  entrance  to  the  city  from  the  east. 
From  this  gate  roads  lead  to  Bethlehem,  Hebron, 
Gaza,  and  Jaffa.  A  little  to  the  right  of  this  gate, 
on  the  outside,  are  heaps  of  ancient  ruins  ;  but  what 
buildiiiirs  once  stood  here  none  can  now  tell. 

TUE   DAMASCUS   GATE. 


Tlie  entrance  to  the  city  from  the  north  is  through 
this  gate.  From  this  gate  roads  lead  to  Mt.  Tabor, 
the  Sea  of  Galilee,  Damascus,  and  Palmyra,  in  the 
interior ;  and  Tyre  and  Sidon  on  the  coast. 


ST.    STEPHEN    GATE 


This  irate  is  on  the  cast  side  of  the  citv,  a  short 
distance  north  of  the  Temple  area.  F'rom  tliis  gate 
roads  lead  to  Bethany,  Bethphage,  Jericho,  Gilgal, 
and  the  River  Jordan, 


THE    LKTERS     HUTS 


Lepers  arc    seen  around  Jerusalem  now  as  in  the 
ancient  time.     They  are  mostly  found   at   tlic   Zior. 


4^— -Ch 


'XT' 


Gl 


The  CasUe  of  David. 


-> 'fcT'*"  ■'^  -. . 


David  Mask,  and  Tomlx 


Crate,  where  tliey  have  their  Imts  or  (l\vollin;,'R.  Th(>so 
niiscrable  creatures  interniarry  and  Imvc  childrc!!, 
tlnis  transmitting  and  iierpetuatin-,'  their  loaths4jnje 
and  rajstcrious  disease. 


WATER   SUI'I'LT. 

Since  the  cliief  supply  used  in  the  Tcin])le  area  is 
now  derived  from  Solomon's  Pools,  as  it  wjl'^  in  his 
day  and  d(»ubtless  lias  been  ever  siiKre,  with  very  few 
intermissions,  as  at  sieges,  etc.,  it  will  be  interesting 
to  give  a  slioi-t  account  of  these  pools.  Thev  are 
situated  at  Ktliam,  eight  miles  from  t]j«.  city,  soutli- 
west  of  Bethlehem. 

The  Sealed  Fountain  (mentioned  in  Canticles  iv. 
12)  is  a  few  rods  above  the  pools,  and  is  00  feet 
under  ground,  in  a  rock-hewn  room,  containing  a 
fine  copious  fountain,  and  an  entrance  room  arched 
over  and  roughly  M'alled— the  Avoi-k  of  Soh.mMii. 
This  is  the  main  source  of  sni)])ly  for  the  ]»ools. 

The  water  first  flows  into  the  upper  ])ool  i'.iso  by 
23G  feet,  and  25  feet  deej)) ;  and  then  from  that  lO'i 
feet  to  the  second  (4:23  by  250  feet,  and  39  deep) ;  and 
then  248  feet  farther  to  the  third  (5,S2  by  207  feet, 
and  50  deej)),  and  from  the  last  ])ool  the  wafer  is 
conveyed  by  an  aqueduct  to  JerusaleuL 

All  of  these  pools  ai-e  bnilt  of  large  hewed  stones, 
and  are  well  lined  with  cement,  with  a  rocky  bottom 
in  terraces.  Broad  flights  of  steps  lead  down  into 
them.  There  are  rooms  under  the  lower  jumiI,  at  ita 
lower  end,  having  walls  and  arches  similar  to  thoso 
at  the  Sealed  Fountain.     These  arches  ai-e  in  a  g<»<Kj 


^i^i 


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1 


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1) 


Ptate  of  preservation,  kej-stones  and  all,  and  arc  ^'ood 
evidences  of  the  antiiinity  of  the  wlu.le. 

The  aqueduct  is  made  of  cylinders  of  red  potterv 
from  12  to  15  inches  long  by  S  to  10  inches  in  dianu'- 
ter,  cemented  and  covered  with  earth  over  two  feet. 
There  are  several  places  provided  with  stone  oik'i. 
mctuths,  where  the  water  can  be  dipped  out.  The 
valley  of  Ilinnom  is  i)assed  above  tlie  p»)ol  of  (lihon 
on  10  arches  (which  are  now  almost  covered  with 
rubbish),  and  winding  ar<juud  Zion  reaches  the  great 
pool  at  Jerusalem.  (SeeEngv*)  The  water-supply 
of  the  city  is  not  very  abundant  nor  of  a  very  good 
(piality,  but  anciently,  before  Ilezekiah  stopped  the 
great 'fountains  in  Gihon,  and  when  even  the  pi-csent 
sources  were  better  cai-ed  for,  thei-e  nmst  have  been 
plenty  of  good  water.  Nearly  every  house  luis  now 
one  or  more  cisterns  for  holding  rain  or  spring 
watci". 


'^> 


r'^'i 


¥1 


1 


J\r 


wil 


THE    I'OOL    OF    SII.OAM. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  noted  fountains  about  Jeru- 
salem.   The  Saviour,  having  anointed  the  eyes  of  tlie 
Mind  man  with  a  mixture  of  dust  and  spittle,  said  : 
'•  Go  wash  in  the  pool  of  Siloam,"  and  he  went  and 
washed,  "  and  came  seeing."     Above  this  pool  is  tliu 
fuiuitain  (if  Siloam  or  Virgin  fox i, tain.,  from  whi<,-l) 
the  water  flows  to  the  pool  of  Sihxim  through  a  sub- 
terranean passage  1,750  feet  in  length,  chiselled  hij 
the  hand  of  man  ihrow/h  tJie  solid  rod' of  Ophel ! 
At  the  upper  end  of  tliis  ])ool  is  an  old  arched  stair- 
wav,  now  tund)ling  into  ruins,  by  which   a   (h's<-enl 
♦  Encravinp  in  fT-=»-  r^rt  "-'f  tl"^  P.onk.  


"k 


--X 


M 


V-, 


c^^.— 


^- 


f 

Si 


I'l     r 


can  be  m:uh  to  tl,e  mouth  of  tho  m,l,lona,„.,„  ,„u. 
sage  throu,!,  wh  eh  .ho  water  en.o,..     Si,  ,.,„.  em 
..liars  o    Je,-„saleu,  .uarblo  are  e,nbed.U.,l  in  „  ,„ 
tion  of  the  eastern  wall  of  the  ,>,«,!,  wim-h  i„  i,„ 
neet.o„  with  others  that  have  nol  ^L,,^;:^,  , 
supported  a  roof  over  the  pool. 


THE   UlTER   POOL   OF   GIHON. 

This  pool  is  in  tlie  centre  of  the  basin  which  con- 
situtes  the  head  of  the  valley  of  Ilinnozn,  and  is 
about  127  rods  from  the  Jaffa  Gate.  It  is  315  feet 
long  208  feet  wide,  and  20  feet  deep.  This  ,„..I 
supplies  theHezekiah  pool,  just  inside  of  the  Jaffa 
(jrate. 


TUE  LOWER  POOL   OF  GIIIOX 

Is  in  the  valley,  nearly  ojjposite  the  southwest  an-le 
of  the  city,  and  about  23  rods  below  the  Jaffa  Ga'te 
It  IS  600  feet  long,  260  feet  broad,  and  40  feet  deep' 
Ihese  two  pools  are  capable  of  holdin-  water  f,,r 
niany  thousands  of  people.  Tliere  are  several  notices 
of  them  in  the  Bible.  The  Proi)het  Isaiah  was  com- 
manded by  God  to  go  forth  and  meet  Aliaz  "  at  tho 
end  of  the  conduit  of  the  upper  pool  in  the  hi-hwav 
in  the  Fullers'  Field."  * 

At  the  same  place  Rabshakeh  st(.<.d  when  ho 
delivered  the  royal  message  of  his  imperious  mjister, 
the  king  of  AssjTia,  to  the  messengers  of  llezekiju/ 
(See  Isa.  vii.  36  and  37.) 


IJ-  ^^ 


< 


This  is  a  large  well,  south  of  the  P()(»l  of  Siloaiu 
at  the  junction  of  the  two  valleys,  Jelioshaphat  and 
llinnoni.  It  is  125  feet  deep,  and  strongly  walled 
witli  larire  stones.  This  wall  terminates  in  an  arch  at 
the  top,  the  whole  bearing  evidence  of  great  antiquity. 
This  well  is  still  a  place  of  great  resort,  as  the  watei 
is  better  than  most  of  the  water  about  the  city.  A 
laro-e  Hat  stone  with  a  circular  hole  in  the  centre 
constitutes  tlie  mouth  of  the  well.  The  water  is 
still  drawn,  as  in  ancient  times,  in  leathern  buckets 
and  earthen  jars  attached  to  ropes ;  deep  creases  are 
worn  into  the  edge  of  the  aperture  through  the  cap- 
stone, where  these  ropes  have  for  many  centm-ies 
been  drawn  up. 


7), 


^ 


TUE    VIUOIN    FOUNTAIN. 

This  foimtain  is  a  large,  deej),  artificial  cavity  in 
the  hill-side,  cut  entirely  in  the  solid  rock.  It  is 
reached  by  a  broad  stone  stairway  of  2G  steps.  The 
water  is  about  2q  feet  below  the  entrance  on  the 
hill-side,  and  some  10  or  15  feet  bclow  the  bottom 
of  the  valley.  The  water  is  contained  in  a  basin  15 
feet  long  by  from  5  to  G  broad,  and  7  feet  deep. 
The  usual  depth  of  tlie  water  is  about  3  feet,  the 
bottom  of  the  basin  being  covered  with  pebbles,  an 
accumulation  of  dirt,  and  rubbish.  It  is  said  by 
some  to  get  the  name,  "  Fountain  of  the  Virgin," 
from  the  fact  that  these  watei-s  were  considered  a 
grand  test  for  women  accused  of  incontinence.     If 


innocent,  tliey  dnink  it  witliout  injiirv  ;  if  ^iiiity 
they  immediately  fell  dow  n  dciul !  When  the  Virgin 
Mary  was  accnsed  slie  sul)niitted  to  tlie  ordeal,  and 
thus  established  her  innocence. 

NO.  4. THE   nEZEKIAn    POOL 


Is  in  the  city,  near  the  Jaffa  Gate,  and  is  240  feet 
long  by  144  feet  wide.  Its  l)ottom  is  formed  of  tlie 
natural  rock,  levelled  and  cemented.  Tliis  y>(n>\  sup- 
plies several  large  baths  with  ^vater. 

Xear  the  Cotton  Bazar  is  the  AVei.l  of  ITeai.ino,  ST. 
feet  deep,  through  rock.  There  are  several  cham- 
bers and  passages  connected  with  this  well,  who<t« 
uses  are  unknown. 

The  Pool  of  Betuesda  (Moat  of  Antonia)  is  3G5  feel 
long,  131  -wide,  with  a  branch  at  the  south-west  coriiei 
142  feet  long  and  45  wide.  The  north  half  of  it  i-> 
walled  over  by  foundations  for  houses,  and  built 
upon.  The  Mekhemeh  Pool  is  under  ground  near 
the  Wailing  Place,  and  is  84  feet  by  42,  built  against 
the  Temple  area  wall,  arched  over  but  not  now  used. 
The  Bath  of  Bathsheija  was  near  the  Jaffa  Gate, 
north,  is  120  feet  long  by  50  wide,  and  20  deep ; — 
now  filled  up  with  rubbish.  Helena's  Cistekn,  near 
the  Coptic  Convent,  is  60  feet  long  by  30  wide,  ami 
is  suj^plied  with  good  water  the  year  round 


A'. 


G'.l 


II 


I' 
i 


f. 


CHAPTER  lY. 

TLACES    OF   INTEREST   NEAR    THE   riTT. 

T/ie  Valley  qfJehoshaphat — of  Jlinnom — Aceldama 
— Mount  of  Offence — Ancient  S/'j^nlchres — Scoprn*, 
Ridge — Mount  of  Olives — The  Rond  m-.^r  which 
Christ  rode  into  Jerusalem. 


^ 


'&, 


TITE   VALLEY    OF  JEHOSHATHAT. 

From  the  head  of  this  valley,  on  the  north  of  tlio 
city,  to  St.  Stephen  Gate,  its  fall  is  ahout  one  liundrctl 
feet,  and  its  width  at  this  point  is  nearly  four  hun- 
dred feet.  Across  the  valley,  a  little  below  this,  is  tlic 
Garden  of  Gethsemane.  A  little  lower  down  the 
valley  begins  to  deepen  rapidly,  the  hills  risiiif;  in 
steep  precipices  on  both  sides.  Passing  the  Fountain 
of  Siloam  the  valley  again  widens  ;  and  hero  nro 
found  pleasant  gardens  and  cultivated  tcrr.icfs.  A 
short  distance  from,  and  in  strange  contrast  to,  thefic 
are  "  Tophet  and  Black  (Vhcnna,  called  tlio  Tyjv 
of  ITell."  Jehoshaphat  might  properly  be  called  the 
Yalley  of  Sepulchres.  On  its  west  side,  just  under 
the  wall  of  the  Temple  area,  the  Alohammcdans  have 


^fi 


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S.^^s 


— Tf^r;^ 


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Up, 


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A  ceineterv,  M'liere  thctusands  of  their  einp^ular-look- 
iiii^  t<»ml)s  may  be  seen.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
valley  is  tlie  Jewish  cemetery,  the  fjrcat  silent  city 
of  their  dead.  Here  generation  after  fjencration, 
since  the  days  of  David  and  Solomon,  have  been 
crathered  unto  their  fathei-s.  For  thousands  of  yeai-s 
the  Jewish  dead  have  been  intcried  heie  ;  the  dust 
of  the  children  minglin<j  with  the  ashes  of  their  fore- 
fathers, until  a  large  portion  of  the. east  bank  of  the 
valley  and  far  up  the  side  of  the  ^[(Mint  of  Olives  is 
covered  with  the  tombs  of  the  countless  descendants 
of  Abraham, — the  dying  Jew  still  craving  it  as  one 
of  the  greatest  privileges  to  be  interred  here.  For 
here  they  believe  the  coming  Messiah  will  stand  in  tlie 
resurrection.  In  the  bottom  of  this  valley  is  the  l)ed  of 
the  Brook  Kedron,  which  is  now  dry  for  a  considerable 
distance  below  the  city,  excei>t  in  the  rainy  season. 

XO.    04. — Vn.I.AOK    OF    PII.OAM. 

The  modern  village  «tf  Siloam  is  nearly  opposite 
the  Fountain  of  the  Viigin.on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Valley  of  Jehosha}»hat.  Tlie  stee]!  declivity  on 
which  it  stands  is  covered  with  ancient  tombs. 

It  is  a  wretched  place,  containing  ab<iut  seventy 
dwellings,  formed  by  dispossessing  the  dead  of  their 
t(»mbs,  walling  up  the  fronts,  and  transforming  them 
into  abodes  for  the  living.  Their  interiors  ])resent  a 
gloomy  and  filthy  ap])ea ranee  ;  human  bones  still 
remaining  in  many  of  them.  The  appearance  of  the 
inhabitants  is  in  keei)ing  with  their  miserable  dwell- 
ing's:  an<l  their  r(M>utation  for  rudeness  and  lawless- 


o  -.^, 


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71 


Ancient  Tombs  and  Vaults. 


vfygv.vj^'jj^fe 


ness  is  such  that  the  prudent  traveler  gives  tlic  phi' 
a  wide  birth  after  nifrhtfall. 


ill 


i  ,> 


ANCIENT  TOAtnS. 

Just  above  this  village  in  the  side  of  the  liill  arc 
many  tombs  and  vaults. 

Among  thera  are  those  of  Zachcas,  Absal<»!n,  ami 
the  cave  of  St.  James. 

The  tomb  of  Zacheas  is  cut  in  the  rock,  and  tlicro 
was  in  front  of  it  four  Doric  columns  supportilig  a 
cornice  and  a  pp-amidal  roof  (18  feet  high  over  all). 
The  cave  of  St.  James  is  ornamented  with  a  portico 
in  front,  having  four  columns  cut  from  the  native 
rock.  Tradition  says  that  James,  the  brother  <>f 
Jesus,  retired  to  this  cave  after  the  Crucifixion. 

The  tomb  of  Absalom  is  the  most  noted  of  these 
valley  tombs,  and  is  also  cut  from  the  solid  rock. 
The  dome  on  the  roof  is  peculiar,  terminating  in  a 
foliated  tuft.  The  Mohammedans  have  idealized  this 
into  a  monument  of  the  hateful  ingratitude  of  Absa- 
lom, whose  example  is  held  up  as  a  fearful  warning 
to  all  disobedient  sons;  therefore  every  passer-by 
is  supposed  to  cast  a  stone  at  it  with  appropriate  mal- 
edictions. 

The  whole  vicinity  is  occupied  by  graves  which  aro 
covered  with  flat  stones  inscribed  in  Uebrew  or  A  r 
bic. 


m 


THE   VALLEY   OF   HINNOM. 


Opposite  Jaffa  Gate  this  valley  is  about  one  hun 
dred  yards  wide,  and  forty-four  feet  deep.  Frt)ni 
this  point  its  course  is  first  south,  then  cast  nn>un(l 


ill 


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Zion,  past  the  soutli  end  of  the  citv  to  its  junction 
with  tlie  valley  oi  Jehoshaphat.  Above  the  lower  pool 
of  Giluin  it  falls  gradually,  but  at  a  short  distance 
below  this  jtool  it  commences  to  deepen  rapidly,  and 
continues  to  fall  until  it  reaches  En  Xloirel.  A  short 
distance  above  this  it  is  a  deep,  gloomy  dell.  In 
many  places  the  bottom  of  this  valley  is  covered  with 
loose  stones,  yet  it  is  cultivated,  and  portions  of  it 
alxmnd  with  olive-trees.  Along  the  south  side  of 
the  valley  is  a  steep,  rocky  ledge,  nearly  the  M-hole 
surface  of  which  is  covered  and  penetrated  by  tombs. 
These  tombs  are  of  many  shapes  and  different  sizes, 
some  small  and  plainly  constructed,  while  others  are 
very  large,  and  penetrate  far  into  the  hillside.  In 
the  up):»er  part  of  the  valley  there  is  a  lai-ge  rock,  a 
part  of  which  has  been  leveled  and  made  as  smooth 
as  a  house-floor.  This  was  an  ancient  threshing-floor, 
such  as  Araunah  the  Jebusite  had  on  Mount  Moriah. 

ACELDAMA. THE    FIELD    OF    BLOOD. 

This  j^lacc  is  ju?t  across  the  valley  of  ninnom,near 
its  junction  with  Jehoshaphat.  It  is  a  rock}-  cliff,  full 
of  tombs ;  portions  of  the  front  of  Aceldama  have 
been  walled  up,  and  behind  this  are  deep  excavations 
and  gloomy  se])ulchral  passages.  In  some  ])laces  large 
(piantities  of  human  bones  and  skulls  are  seen  scat- 
tered about  in  promiscuous  confusion.  This  is  the 
field  which  was  purchased  with  the  thirty  pieces  of 
ilver  received  by  Judas  for  the  betrayal  of  Christ. 

"Then  Judas,  which  had  betrayed  liim,  M'hcn  he 
saw  that  he  was  condemned,  rej)ented  himself,  and 
brought  again  the  thirty  pieces  of  silver  to  the  chief 


75 


priests  and  elders,  6a.y\u<r,  I  liave  slmicd,  in  that  1 
have  betrayed  the  inuocent  hlocxl.  And  they  Bald, 
What  is  that  to  us?  See  thou  to  that.  And  he  cft>t 
down  the  pieces  of  silver  in  the  temple,  and  went  and 
hanged  himself.  And  the  chief  priests  took  the  sil- 
ver pieces,  and  said.  It  is  not  lawful  for  to  put  them 
into  the  treasury,  because  it  is  the  price  of  1)1(  k  )d.  A  nd 
they  took  counsel,  and  bought  with  them  the  jxjtter'B 
field,  to  bury  strangers  In"  (St.  Matthew  xwii.). 

MOUNT   OF    OFFENCK. 

This  mount  or  hill  is  across  the  valley  of  Jehosha- 
phat  to  the  eastward  of  the  pool  of  Siloam.  "  lie  built 
an  high  place  to  Chemosh,  the  abomination  of  Moali, 
in  the  hill  that  is  before  Jerusalem,  and  f<jr  ^Moloch, 
the  abomination  of  the  children  of  Annnon,  and  like- 
wise did  he  for  all  his  strange  wives,  which  burned 
incense  and  sacrificed  unto  their  gods  "  (1  Kings  ii.), 
A  short  distance  below  this,  in  the  valley,  was  Tophet. 
Under  the  apostate  kings  of  Judah  this  portion  of  the 
valley  became  the  seat  of  the  most  horrible  idolatrous 
services.  Here  "Moloch,  horrid  king,  besmeared 
with  the  blood  of  human  sacrifices  and  parents'  teai-s," 
had  his  groves  and  altars. 

8COPA8. 

At  a  short  distance  north  of  the  city  is  the  iiigh 
ridge  of  Scopas.  As  there  are  none  of  the  ruvini-s 
on  this  side  which  form  the  luitural  defences  of  the 
other  sides  of  the  city,  this  side  was  usually  the  jwint 
from  which  it  was  attacked  by  its  enemies.  The 
camp  of  Titus  was  on  this  ridge,  and  from  this  p<iint 


'"t 


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lie  coiniuenced  the  sie<;e  which  ended  in  such  'iestnio- 
tiou  and  ruin  to  the  city. 

THE    MuLXT    OF   OLIVES CALLED    UY    TnE    AUAUS    JEBEL 

ET   TUK. 

This  mount  lies  east  of  the  city,  and  is  separated 
from  it  by  the  valley  of  Jelioshaphat.  Its  height 
abo\  e  the  valley  varies  fi-om  500  to  680  feet.  It  is 
250  feet  above  the  Temple  area  on  Mount  Moriah, 
so  that  it  commands  a  fine  view  of  many  points  of 
interest ;  fii-st,  Jelioshaphat,  Gethsemane,  and  the 
Kidron  ;  then,  beyond  these,  the  ancient  walls,  domes, 
and  minarets  of  the  city.  Far  away  to  the  south, 
from  among  a  group  of  smaller  hills,  rises  Bethliace- 
rem,  where  Ilerod  had  his  paradise,  and  wliere  his 
bones  are  supposed  to  be  interred.  To  the  eastward 
is  the  hill  country  of  Judea,  with  the  wilderness, 
gloomy  and  sterile;  a  rough  mountainous  region, 
whose  deep  yawning  chasms  form  secure  hiding- 
places  for  Bedouin  robljei-s  and  beasts  of  i)rey.  Olivet 
was  once  very  fertile,  and  was  covered  Avith  beautiful 
gai-dens  and  olive  orchards ;  but,  with  the  exception 
of  small  portions  of  the  eastern  side,  tlie  soil  has 
lonff  since  been  exhausted,  so  that  only  a  few  olive 
and  fiir  trees  are  to  be  seen,  and  no  6i<:;ns  of  cultiva- 
tion  except  an  occasional  patch  of  bark'V  inclosed  by 
a  tottering  stone  wall. 

THE    ROAD    OVER   WHICH   CHRIST   RODE    IHIO    JERUSALEM. 

On  tlie  Engv.  will  l)e  seen  llie  road  to  Bethany, 
windiii"  around  the  soutliern  base  of  tlic  Mount  of 
Olives.     It  was  over  /his  road  that  Christ  rode  into 


m 


i 


.n_ 


77 

Jerusalem.  "And  it  came  to  pass  that  whei,  l.c-  w.-u, 
come  nigh  to  Bethphage  and  Bethany,*  at  the  uiount 
called  the  Mount  of  Olives,  he  sent  two  of  his  disci- 
ples, saying,  Go  ye  into  the  village  over  against  you, 
in  the  which  at  your  entering  ye  shall  iind  a  colt  ti.-.l' 
whereon  yet  never  man  sat;  loose  him,  and  i)i-iii-  h! 
hither.  And  they  brought  lihn  to  Jesus,  and'th.-v 
cast  their  garments  upon  the  colt,  and  they  set  Jesii'd 
thereon,  and  as  he  went  they  spread  their  clothes  in 
the  way"  (St.  Luke  xix.  29,  30,  35,  30). 

These  villages  are  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mount  of  Olivea 


m 


=fc 


CHAPTER  V. 

CONCERNING   THE   TEMPLE  OF   KINO   SOLOMON. 

Motmf  Moriah — The  Temple  Area,  or  Enclosure — 
Wilson^s  Arch — Bolinson^s  Arch — Masoiiic  Hall 
— Foundation  Walls  of  the  Temjple — South,  ITfAV', 
a7id  East  Gates — Dome  of  the  Roch — Mos(iue  El 
Aksa — The  great  Subterranean  Quan^. 

MOUNT  MOEIAH. 

Tuis  spur  or  plateau  is  between  the  valley  of  Je 
lioshaphat  on  the  east,  and  the  Tyrojjoeon  valley  on 
the  west,  and  is  just  within  the  walls  of  the  city  on 
the  east.  Its  hight  at  the  Dome  of  the  Eock  above 
the  valley  of  Jehoshaphat  is  140  feet,  and  above  the 
Mediterranean,  2,436.  By  reference  to  No.  58  on 
the  engv,  an  idea  of  its  original  appearance  may  bo 
formed. 

To  the  Christian  world  tliis  is  a  spot  of  great  in- 
terest, for  here  once  stood  the  magnificent  Temple  of 
Iving  Solomon,  which  was  dedicated  to  the  woi-ship  of 
the  Most  High,  and  was  the  favored  house  of  (Tod. 
In  it  was  the  Holy  of  Holies,  and  it  was  the  rcpoeitory 
of  the  Ark  of  the  Covenant. 


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— U' 


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To  Mast>us  this  is  also  a  place  of  great  inipiM-tance 
and  interest,  as  tlie  Temple  was  erected  by  the  ancient 
craftsmen,  of  whom  Kinj;  Solomon  and  the  two  lli- 
rams  were  tlie  fii-st  Grand  Mastei-s. 

The  foundation  of  King  Solomon's  Temple  was 
laid  1012  B.C.  (a.  m.  2092),  in  the  mouth  of  May  (Zif). 

The  history  of  this  great  edifice  introduces  the 
three  worthies,  Solomon,  King  of  Israel,  lliram, 
King  of  Tyre,  and  ILram  the  builder  (Abif),  lo/io 
fanned  a  society  for  viutuul  assistance  in  counsel, 
skillj  and  wisdom,  that  they  might  the  better  con- 
trive and  execute  the  designs  for  the  various  grand 
structm-es  proposed  by  Solomon,  including  of  necessity 
the  management  of  the  large  number  of  mechanics, 
artisans,  overseei"S,  and  laboi-ei-s  required  to  carry  on 
all  those  enterprises.  The  peculiar  wisdom  of  these 
measures  will  be  seen  when  it  is  stated  that  St)lomon, 
at  the  time  of  his  coronation  as  king,  was  Ijut  10  yeai-s 
old. 

The  writings  of  Josephus  confirm  the  Scripture 
acc<junt  of  the  friendly  relations  between  Solomon 
and  lliram.  King  of  Tyre,  and  also  between  David 
and  lliram.  They  exchanged  presents,  and,  accord- 
ing to  oriental  custom,  proj>ounded  problems  and 
ditlicult  questions  one  to  the  other  (see  2  Chron.  ix.). 
The  correspondence  between  the  two  kings  on  the 
building  of  the  Tenq)le  was  preserved  among  the 
Tyrian  archives  in  the  days  of  Josephus  (Ant.  viii.  2, 
8),  who  gives  copies  of  the  lettera.  Eupolemon  also 
mentions  the  lettci*s  and  gives  copies  of  those  between 
SoloiiKjii  and  Jliram,  also  between  Solomon  and 
A]tri(?s  (see  Eusebius,  Prae.  Evang.,  ix.  oO). 


tT'Xi 


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81 


The  long  peace  between  the  two  nations,  the  Jcwa 
and  the  Phoiniciaus,  which  was  never  really  broken 
by  cither  side,  can  be  safely  refcriHjd  to  the  inlluence 
of  the  secret  and  mysterious  tie  wliich  bound  the 
principal  persons  of  both  people  into  a  conunoi. 
brotherhood. 

Moses  was  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  the  Sackki  > 
Okdeu  of  Pkiests  in  Egypt  before  he  was  ])ennittfd 
to  marry  a  daughter  of  a  priest.  He  afterward-s 
transmitted  those  mysteries  to  the  Jewish  people. 
Joshua  continued  them  j  and  Solomon,  associated 
with  the  two  Ilirams,  adapted  the  whole  system  to 
the  laws  and  customs  of  the 2jeoj)le  of  Paloitine. 

Phoenician  historians  give  an  account  of  a  mar- 
riage between  Solomon  and  a  daughter  of  Ilii-am, 
King  of  Tyre.     (See  Tatian.     Gra^c.  §  37.) 

Jewish  writers  pass  lightly  over  the  fact  that  Illmm 
the  King  was  not  circimicised,  and  have  a  tradition 
that  because  he  was  a  God-fearing  man,  and  sissistud 
in  building  the  Temple,  he  was  translated  alive  into 
Paradise. 

Of  Iliram  Abif  it  is  recorded  that  he  was  of  a 
mixed  race,  Jewish  and  Phoenician,  of  the  tribe  of 
Xaphtali.  His  father  was  a  Tyrian,  skilled  in  the 
arts  of  working  metals,  wood,  and  cloth,  for  ornamen- 
tation in  architecture,  also  articles  for  public  and 
private  luxury  and  display,  from  wliom  he  inherited 
his  emment  abilities,  and  learned  the  details  of  his 
calling.  He  w^as  appointed  the  chief  architect  and 
engineer  by  Hiram,  King  of  Tyre,  and  sent  to  Jeru- 
salem to  assist  Solomon.  His  title  of  Abif  (our 
father)  was  given  as  a  recognition  of  his  dignity  an<l 


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acquirements,  and  liis  exalted  and  useful  position, 
which  he  adorned  by  faithful  and  excellent  service. 
The  title  was  given  after  an  ancient  oriental  custom 
— many  instances  of  its  observance  being  familiar  to 
readei*s  of  history,  aa  tliat  of  Joseph  in  Egypt,  who 
says,  "  God  hath  made  me  a  father  unto  Pharaoh  " 
(Gen.  xlv.  S) ;  and  also  in  Maccabees  (1  xi.  32),  the 
term  is  used  as  a  mark  of  respect  and  esteem,  and 
nearly  all  Homan  coins  have  among  other  titles 
tliat  of  ''father,"  as  given  to  the  emperor. 

We  have  preserved  but  few  details  of  the  life  of 
Hiram,  King  of  Tyre.  That  he  was  master  and  over- 
seer of  his  people  who  were  in  the  service  of  Solomon 
is  recorded,  and  he  was  long  rememljered  as  such. 

A  complete  descri[»tion  of  the  Temple  of  Solomon 
is  given  in  Kings,  Chronicles,  Ezekiel,  and  Jeremiah. 
The  two  pillai-s,  Jacuix  and  Boaz,  are  minutely  de- 
sci-ibud  in  Kings  and  Jeremiah;  Ezekiel  also  men- 
tions two  }>illai-s — one  on  each  side  of  the  entrance. 

Jc)sephus  writes  about  the  great  stones  and  of  the 
foundation  wall  with  understanding,  beca\ise  he  saw 
them  (as  well  as  Herod's  Temple,  which  Wiis  an  en- 
largement of  Zerubbabers),  and  within  a  few  years 
past  the  Palestine  Exploration  Society  has  vcrilied 
many  of  his  accounts. 

The  great  stones  whicli  wei'e  t-awed  witli  saws  (1 
Kings  17;  vii.  'J)  lie  just  where  they  were  placed  by 
the  builders,  still  bearing  their  craft-marks  or  direc- 
tions for  placing  them.  The  lower  coui-ses  were  pro- 
tected from  wear  and  the  action  of  the  elements  by 
the  dirt,  mingled  with  stones,  chips,  etc.,  which  was 
piled  against  them,  and  \y.\<  ricvfr  bcou  disturbed  un- 


\'>^ 


til  recently.    The  soil  above  this  layer  was  full  of  jx.t 
tery, glass,  etc.,  the  usual  evidences  of  occui>atioM  an<i 
use.     Some  of  these  stones  are  (>  feet  <.r  more   thick, 
and  15  to  30  long.     Their  i)ucuh'ar  faces  are  sliown' 
on  the  plan — No.  58. 


TEMPLE    AREA    OR    ENCLOSURE,    MATMUCn     A  A  A  A     ON 
THE   PLAN. 


The  Temple  area  is  1,500  feet  long,  hy  an  avcraijc 
width  of  950 ;  not  regular,  but  as  shown  on  the  j^lan. 
The  walls  enclosing  it  are  from  8  to  10  feet  thick  at 
the  base,  and  3  to  4  at  the  top,  and  50  to  75  high 
above  the  present  surface  outside;  and  10  or  12  feet 
above  the  floor.  The  ground  is  highest  at  the  X.W. 
corner,  and  slopes  south  and  east. 

The  original  hill  (see  Ko.  58)  was  very  uneven  and 
sloping,  nowhere  having  a  level  place  large  enough 
for  the  proposed  temple ;  it  was  therefore  necessary 
to  build  up  a  large  platform,  which  was  done  by  ])iors 
or  columns  arched  over  and  filled  in  at  the  top  with 
stone  and  earth.     (Ant.,  XV.,  xi.  3.) 

These  substructures  are  still  in  their  original  i>o;;i- 
tion,  and  are  very  minutely  described  by  Dr.  Jiarclay 
(Cit}^  of  the  Great  King),  who  measured  them  can- 
f'llly  when  employed  as  an  assistant  to  the  Chii-l 
Engineer  of  Repairs  by  the  Pasliaof  Jerusalem.  The 
extent  from  east  to  west  is  311)  feet  (marked  Vai-lt-^ 
on  the  engv) ;  and  from  north  to  sc^uth  from  247  U 
186  feet.  The  piers  vary  in  size  from  3  to  8  feet 
square,  and  iji  bight  from  30  d<»wn  to  2  or  3  feet,  a.* 


^^p^-^rf^ 


I 


t 


.JO— r. 


the  rock  slopes.     Tlio  Triple  Gate  (51  feet  wide  and 
25  feet  high)  once  opened  into  these  galleries  whick 


^-.l 


Pier"  :i!i  1 


f  the  Temple. 


are  called  Solomon's  stables ;  there  are  tlirce  passages 
loading  from  them  np  to  the  area  above,  one  of  which 
is  247  feet  long,  the  othei-s  shorter.  It  is  snpposcd 
that  this  is  the  passage  for  the  animals  for  the  sacri- 
liccs,  because  the  ascent  is  gradual  all  the  way. 


f 

s 


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to 


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Tliere  is  a  small  doorway  with  a  pointed  arch  K.5 
feet  from  the  S.E.  corner  of  the  sonfli  wall,  which 
was  the  stable-door  leading  into  the  8].lcM.li,i  col<,n- 
nade.  These  stables  arc  mentioned  by  El  Alemi  ir 
1495.  '    * 


THE  ANCIENT  GATES  OF  THE  TEMPLE  ENCLOSrRK. 

No.  6.— The  ancient  South  Gate,  now  Don])le  CJate, 
alluded  to  by  Joseplius  (Ant.,  XV.  xi.  5),  lias  all  the 
marks  of  Jewish  architecture,  with  an  addition  of  I^>- 
man  work  outside.     Orifrinally  tlie  doore  were  IS  feet 
wide  and  20  high.     In  the  inside  there  is  an  entrance 
hall  50  feet  long  and  40  wide,  having  in  the  centre  a 
column  21  feet  high  and  6  feet  in  diameter,  of  a  single 
block  of  limestone.     Its  cajiital  is  ornamented  with 
large  leaves,  finely  sculptured  in  stone,  but  not  in  anv 
architectural  order ;  and  resting  on  this  capital  arc  the 
springs  of   four  arches,  which  support  four  domes 
forming  the  ceiling  of  the  room.     It  has  been  K«>- 
manized  by  four  white  marble  columns  which  adorn 
the  doorway.     The  sides  of  the  hall  are  built  of  huge 
blocks  of  limestone,  cut  with   the   peculiar  Jewish 
panel ;    the  terra  bevelling  is  applied  to  the  Jewish 
rebatement,  which  is  a  channel  cut  a  half-inelx,  less 
or  more,  deep  all  around  the  edge  of  a  block  on  the 
same  level  plane  as   the  face,  and  never  slanted  or 
bevelled. 

From  this  entrance  hall  a  flight  of  nine  stone-sfoi* 
(in  the  midst  of  which  stands  a  stone  pillar  oval.  0 
feet  high  by  4  feet  in  diameter)  leads  up  to  a  pas- 
sage 259  feet  long,  which  is  divided  by  j)icrs,  pillars, 


js /-; 


^'^/i 


^r. 


aiul  a  wall ;  is  vaulted  over  each  half  the  entire  length 
and  hears  every  mark  of  Jewish  make.  An<»thL'r 
Hight  of  stone  steps  leads  to  the  area  ahove.  This  is 
the  ancient  South  Gate  of  the  Temi'LE. 

No,  7. — On  the  west  side  of  the  Temple  area  is  an 
ancient  d<X)rw;iy  walled  up,  huilt  against  hy  modern 
houses  and  nearly  all  hidden  ;  only  half  of  the  lintel 
being  in  view.  It  was  40  feet  wide  and  40  deep.  The 
lintel  is  G  feet  9  inches  thick.  A  flight  of  steps  in- 
side formed  an  approach  to  the  area  above,  as  at 
lluldah  Gate.  On  the  inside  may  be  seen  a  closed 
gateway,  so  covered  up  with  modern  rooms  as  to  l^e 
almost  hidden.  Some  of  the  stones  are  very  large — 
l.'j  to  25  feet  long  and  8  or  9  feet  deep.  This  was 
the  West  Gate  of  the  Temple. 

No.  12. — The  ancient  entrance  to  the  Temple  En- 
closure on  the  east  is  now  walled  up  and  kept  closed  by 
the  Mohammedans,  because  of  asupci'stitious  fear  that 
the  Christians  will  enter  by  this  gate  and  drive  them 
out.  The  length  is  70  feet  and  breadth  55,  and  it  ].ro- 
jects  G  feet  beyond  the  wall  ;  two  cohnnns  divide  it 
into  a  double  arcade  lighted  at  the  west  end  by  two 
domes.  The  columns  are  formed  out  of  single  bl<»cks 
of  marble,  and  the  walls  are  eleven  feet  thick.  The 
style  is  ancient,  and  it.s  interior  is  ornamented  with 
rich  and  elaborate  carvings  in  the  Grecian  style.  The 
effect  of  the  whole  is  grand  and  imposing.  A  grana 
stairway  of  massive  stone  blocks  leads  fr(»m  the  gate 
u|»  t*^)  the  platform,  which  is  25  feet  above. 

This  was  the  East  Gate,  called  by  the  Crusa- 
ders the  Goi.PEN  Gate  (Porta  Aurea).  .Tosepliue 
IS  silent  al)out  gates  f»n  the  north,  but  the  Jewish  Mid- 


'>7i).^ 


*?=--77A^ 


rOh 


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1^01 


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-.OV 


i 


Interior  view  of  South  Gate. 


Interior  view  o<  East  Gata. 


^ 

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bfii^i 

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doth  ("nook  of  Measures)  pays  tlic  iK.ith  wull  wil- 
nearer  to  the  Temple  and  Jiad  hnt  one  <,'ato,  rjdlcd 
Tedi.  The  same  anthorily  says  it  was  a  snwill  f:itp 
and  for  a  special  pnrposc. 

There  is  a  lli<j;ht  of  stone  steps  in  front  cf  tlie 
Golden  Gate,  now  buried  under  ruhhish  and  soil,  the 
deposit  of  centuries  since  the  Crusades.  The  writci> 
of  tliat  age  sj^eak  (^f  many  steps  "that  lead  down  t<t 
the  valley."  The  whole  of  the  space  outside  of  the 
wall  in  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  and  especially  on 
the  cast  of  the  Temple  site,  is  used  as  a  cemetery,  and 
every  availal)lc  foot  of  soil  has  been  occupied  over  and 
over  many  times,  and  always  guarded  with  super- 
stitious fidelity  against  all  "  infidel"  intrusion.  It  i> 
therefore  only  possible  t')  examine  the  locality  by 
underground  passages.  A  ^lohammedan,  in  a.i>. 
1150,  describes  the  chief  buildings  very  juucli  as  they 
arc  now;  and  also  that  the  Door  of  ^lercy  (Golden 
Gate)  was  closed,  but  passage  was  had  througli  the 
small  one,  El  Asbat  (the  ti-ibcs),  a  b<nv-shot  from 
which  was  a  large  and  beautiful  church,  dedic;if<d  to 
St.  Mary  and  called  Gethsemane. 

NO.  1,   TEIIPLE   AREA. 
THE  DOatE   OF   THE   ROCK — ^[OSQUE   OF   OMAR. 

This  splendid  edifice  stands  nearly  in  the  centre 
of  the  Temple  area  (see  cngv*)  It  is  eight- 
sided  and  170  feet  in  diameter,  and  about  the  Fame 
height,  covered  outside  with  beautifully  colored  jM.r 
celahi  tiles ;  the  roof  and  dome  are  covered  with  coi»iK^r; 
is  very  symmetrical  and  graceful,  nn<l  is  tipi)ed  wit!) 
*  Enprravinp. 


i 


\i! 


!^^'l 


:--^ 


c:^ 


a  1  >ftY  bronzed  crescent.  The  lower  part  of  the  octnLTO 
nal  sides  is  covered  with  marl  tie  of  various  colors  and 
patterns.  On  entering,  the  visitor  is  at  (»nce  impressed 
with  its  exquisite  proportions,  the  simplicity  of  the  de- 
eiirn,  and  admirable  finish. 

The  10  stained  glass  windows  of  the  circular  upper 
building  arc  peculiar  in  richness,  harmony  of  c<»lor, 
and  eleirance  of  desiiirn.  The  lower  octagon  has  56 
windows,  over  each  one  f>f  which  are  sculptured  sen- 
tences from  the  Koran  in  letters  which  are  measured 
by  feet  in  height.  Thei-e  is  a  hanuony  of  color  every- 
^vhere, — in  the  windows  of  stained  glass,  the  colored 
marble  pillars  and  walls,  porphyry  columns,  gilded 
capitals,  and  rosettes  of  the  ceiling;  the  rich  canopy 
of  crimson  and  green  silk  over  the  rock  in  the  centre, 
on  every  side  masses,  and  groups,  and  points  of 
blue,  red,  purple,  yellow,  gold,  and  crimson,  intensi- 
licd  bv  the  rays  of  the  sun,  or  mellowed  by  the  gloom, 
which  carries  the  beholder  in  imagination  back  to  the 
days  of  the  ^lagnificent  Caliplis,  whose  w<  >rks  have  been 
the  wonder  and  delight  (»f  ages,  both  in  romance  and 
reality.  The  central  dome  is  CO  feet  in  diameter.  Oc- 
cupying the  centre  of  this  rotunda  is  the 

BACKi:n    ROCK. 

Tliis  rock  is  about  GO  feet  long  from  north  to  south, 
and  about  50  broad  ;  it  rises  several  feet  above  the 
floor  of  the  ^[osque,  and  is  surrounded  l>y  a  gilded 
iron  fence,  seven  feet  high  and  very  strongly  l)uih, 
while  over  it  is  stretched  a  rich  awning  of  ]»arti- 
colorcd  silk.    AV'hat  sacred  and  interesting  associations 


1^) 

M 

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In 


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N-C: 


— — --^A^ 


^, 


.ai 


1: 


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cluster  uroniid  this  spot !  for  the  Ivahhiiis  8iiy  that  this 
is  tlie  identical  rock  on  Avliich  Jacol)  |>illo\vfd  hip 
head  during  that  eventful  di-eani ;  on  which  Ahruhiini 
offered  Isaac,  and  Avhere  David  saw  the  An<,'el,  and 
where  Jesus  was  laid  after  the  crucilixion; — the  rock 
that  afterwards  became  the  altar  of  l)urnt-offerin<^  f<.r 
the  great  Temple  of  Solomon.  It  is  hoHowed  into  ;i 
liandsome  chamber,  fifteen  feet  square  by  eight  feet 
high,  called  the  Noble  Cave.  An  ornamented  ll.idr 
(tessellated)  covers  a  passage  into  some  nnkn(»wii 
exca\ations  behnv,  but  the  su])ei-stitious  feai-s  of  the 
Aloslenis  prevents  any  examination,  for  they  pay 
that  here  is  the  well  of  sonls,  the  real  opening  into 
Hades  !  The  most  ancient  account  of  this  structure 
is  that  it  was  built  by  Constantiiie  the  C»reat  and  his 
mother  Helena.  A  ])ilgrim  of  the  12th  century 
copies  some  inscrii)tions  written  by  the  Christians  on 
the  places  where  there  are  now  Ai-abic  sentence.^ 
from  the  Koran,  which  wei-e  doubtless  jtlaced  overtlie 
lirst  by  Saladin.  The  building  stands  on  an  artiticial 
platform  about  15  feet  high,  which  is  reached  by  eight 
gateways  (with  stone  stejjs)  in  elegant  Saracen  style. 
The  Mohannnedan  believes  that  in  this  dunie,  next 
to  Mecca,  ])rayers  ai'C  most  acceptable  to  Deity  above  all 
other  places  in  the  world. 


i 


5; 


R> 


NO.    2. TJIE   MOSQUK    KL    AKSA. 

This  Mosqne  stands  near  the  south-wa^^t  corner  .-f 
th.e  Temple  area  (see  engv),  and  is  a  showy  nnd 
elegant  building,  2S0  feet  long  and  is;j  bmad,  with 
a  dome  nearly  as  large  and  high  as  the  I)"nie  of  tho 


'^^^1 


-tV^"-- 


the  form  of  a  cross,  bill 

'  ru«aders  it  is  now  a  liumllel- 

;  renuKlelled  so  many 

l   to  belonij  to  any 

'  of    Architecture,  unless    it  is  the 

.  n-.fiii'  coincidences  in  the  style,   ^t'c,  to 

luon,  are  found  in  an  E«;ypti:in 

Kirypt     There  is  a  jmucIi  with 

!i  two  jiillai^s,  Icjuling  to  a  court 

i  witli  pillai"8  ;  and  winding  stairs 

.  ii<»l  bpiral,  steps),  leading   to   a  middle 

"I  wliicli   the    sanctuary    wjis   reached, 

initiated  (sec  1  Kings  vi.  8),    Near  the 

•lie  Alogrebins  ]^[os<pic — No.  3. 

•t   corner  of  the  Temple  area, 

-a  Mos(pic,  there  are  immense 

•■  ul  which  is,  uo  doubt,  the  sea  mentioiiod 

•f    Sirach,   and    the    Commissioner    of 

-  ImhIv  of  water  is  73G  feet  in  circum- 

■  deep. — No.  4. 

rted  by  rude  stone  pillai-s,  whieli 

itJi  metal,  but  are  now  bare  «'r 

n'ity  is  about  two  million  galk)ns. 

i'l  drawing  up  water  were  formerly 

'•nly  ..ne  is  open.     It  may  be  entered 

f  44  wide  stone  steps,  tut  in 

t  frt)m  Solomon's  jujol  envied 

.11  rcacrvoir. 


//i 


'  /.' 


U'   t 


F^ 


Aiicieut  Aitilicial  Cave  under  the  Temple  Area— Koble  Cave, 


King  Solomon's  Cistenia, 


M 

\ 


Hi 


f 


WILSON  S    ARCH. 

Tins  arch  \vjis  discovered  in  18GG  by  Capt.  Wilson, 
R.E.,  when  niukin<^  e.\])lorations  in  the  city  for  a 
better  water  supply.  From  the  discovery  of  this  ai'cli 
ori'^'inated  the  idea  of  a  scientitic  exploration  in  and 
about  the  Temple  area,  which  was  developed  in  the 
Palestine  Exploration  Fund  and  Society,  whose  ex- 
plorations have  been  carrietl  on  under  the  direction  of 
Ca])t.  Warren,  K.E.,  wlio  has  discovered  the  founda- 
tion walls  of  the  Temple  enclosure  in  many  places, 
together  with  arches,  vaults,  and  secret  passages  con- 
nected therewith,  outside  and  inside  of  the  Temjile 
area. 

AVilson's  Arch  is  jnst  outside  of  the  gate  of  the 
chain  under  the  street  called  David,  and  15  feet  be- 
low the  present  surface  of  the  gi-ound.  This  arch  has 
a  span  of  42  feet,  and  is  48  feet  wide.  Portions  of 
it  are  in  ruins,  and  the  walls  are  much  decayed.  At 
3^  feet  below  the  springing  of  the  arch,  a  bed  of 
hard  concrete  is  found  formed  of  small  cubical  stones 
set  in  a  dark  cement.  At  24  feet,  voussoirs  and 
drafted  stones  of  a  fallen  arch,  and  well  ai'C  found, 
the  stones  being  similar  to  those  in  the  Sanctuary 
Wall*  At  40  feet  water  is  found,  which  appears  to 
run  in  at  the  northern  end  of  the  shaft,  and  run 
out  at  the  southern  end.  At  51  feet  9  inches,  the 
l)ottoin  course  of  the  foundation  wall  of  the  Tempie 
eiiclosui-e  is  seen  resting  in  a  groove  which  was  cut 
in  the  rock  f  for  the  better  security  of  the  wall. 

*  Wall  of  the  Templo  Enclosure. 

f  Nearly  the  whole  surface  of  .Mori.ih  is  a  limestone  rock. 


f 

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96 


.vail  expofeed  heie  is  evidently  in 

1    cousists  of  21  coiu-ses   oi 

fn»ni  o  feet  8  inches  to  4 

■  ^  the  V.  lieing  75  feet  above  the 

1  ;iH-  iiiiiniL-hes  of  the  north  side 

.  huvo  supported  a  balcony — the 

:i  secix't  passa^^e,  which  entered  the 

!i  of  AViUon's  Arch.     V^^icu 

:   was  exi)obed  to  view  from 

u  upwards.     It  is  one  of  the  oldest  por- 

l(«>ure  of  the  Sanctuary  now  reniain- 

1  in  jifreat  Ncneratiou  by  the  Jews,  as 

thjg  to  be  t/it    Wall   «'f   the    Sanctuary. 

iih  WilfKHi's  Arch  there  has  recently  been 

V    ('apt.    Warren    a   large    number    of 

id  fccret  passages  leading  in  various 

a,  with  the  exception  of  Wilson's  Arch. 

'•  <f  tliem  have  ever  been  exposed   to 

re  undoubtedly  used  as  secret  stores 

fur  jifviviaiutui  aiid  water  in  the  time  of  sieges. 

MASONIC    UALI.. 

In  one  of  the  passages  from  Wilson's  Arch  leading 

•     •  ■    ■  •     •  '■•■■'.\<r  which  leads  down  into  an  ancient 

1,  which  from  tiadition  has  acipiiicd 

naiiio  of   Mafiouic  Hail.      The   entrance  opens 

•'   fnuu  the  north,  and  the  passage  is  stecji 

.  and  at  linst  the  explorer  could  only  gain 

lug  lowered  into  it  by  means  of  a  i<'i)e, 

hits  been  enlarged  so  that  a  laddei"  is 

<-hamber    is   uU   feet  8    inches    in 

..'til  by  23  feet  in  width,  rectangular  :iii»l   \jiulicd; 


'\^JI 

1 

Ji a. 


H/J 


yy 


the  walls  are  built  of  square  stones,  well  jointetl,  ami 
laid  without  cement.  There  were  pilasters  at  each 
corner,  but  only  the  one  at  the  north-east  angle  re- 
mains in  a  moderate  state  of  preservation  (see  cut; 
Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  chamber  is  a  part  of  a 
colunui  or  pedestal  sticking  up.  At  the  south-east 
angle  was  a  double  entrance  with  lintels  over  it: 
these  have  ornaments  on  them  and  on  the  jambs,  but 
they  cannot  now  be  accurately  traced.  This  Hall 
has  e^'ery  appearance  of  being  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient pieces  of  masonry  in  Jerusalem.  Through  i 
small  hole  in  the  south  wall  of  this  chamber,  a  passage 
is  found  leading  into  one  of  the  k^araccnic  vaults  suj,- 
porting  the  Hall  of  Justice.  There  is  still  another 
l)assa<re  leadino;  from  this  vault  south  into  another 
which  is  now  filled  with  debris  and  earth.  A  short 
distance  from  Masonic  Hall  is  a  secret  passage  lead- 
ing nnder  David  Sti-eet;  this  passage  is  about  12  feet 
wide  and  is  nearly  filled  with  rubbish ;  it  has  been 
traced  250  feet  in  the  direction  of  the  Joppa  Gate, 
which  was  doul)tlcss  its  ancient  termination. 


Mr 


li:^ 


r 


If-. 


ROBINSON  8   ARCn. 

•  «»f  the  ii<tntli-\vc?t  corner  of  the 

/. ^  ^    -ite  tljc  M(»i;rebiu's  Mosque  (see 

pie  Area),  and  is  considered  to  have  been  tlic 
tc»  the  n»val  eloistere  of  lvin<^  llerod.     Sev- 
f"  <-t  below  the  ej>rini;in<;  of  this  arch  is  a 
il,4  feet  wide,  and  12  feet  deep,  ruiinini: 
Jttiumeti   in  over  this  canal    are    two  fallen 
"f--  of  an  arch.     One  of  these    is   much  de- 
it  tlio  otlier  is  in  a  l>etter  state  of  preser- 
.«iiiiii,  and  measures  7  feet  in  length,  5  feet  thick 
;U    llie    extni<l"P,  4    feet   4  inches  at  the    intrados, 
Old  4  foot  hiijh.     In  the  middle  of  one  side   is  a 
'  hole  14  inches  by  11  and  4^  inches 
I  '|-.  ..ing  out  of  this  canal  to  the  south,  is  a 
iilior  rut  in  rock  with  a  seirnient  arch.     To  tho 
:id8  into  a  circular  cistern  cut  in  the 
i.i   li.   diameter,  bv  14   feet  4  inches  in 
In  the  centre  of  the  r<K»f  is  a  manhole  lea<l- 
II    from  tiic   roof  of   the   pavement   under 
\n-h.     Near  this  are  two  curious  rock-cnt 
'jiMifular,  and  measuring  10  feet  by  G 
liem  is  a  flight  of  steps  leading  up 
.  :i  luisc  of  a  c«iliimn  which  had  fallen  in 
v'»"f.     Sevcnil  lamj>s,  weights,  jai-s,  and 
found  in  this  canal ;  also  an  ancient 
I   pflling  flat  ro«»fs  on  houses,  precisely 
■*  now  used  for  the  S!un(>  purpose. 
avationshavc  been  made  in  the  vicinity 
\  rch,  in  making  one  of  which  at  a 


''^j 
^ 


♦■.j> 


fP— JTL 


Kil 


depth  of  21  feet  G  inches  a  polished  li.Tie.stoiic  shil)  0 
feet  square  was  found  covering  the  main  sewer  of  tho 
cit}'.  This  sewer  is  6  feet  high  by  3  feet  wide,  cut 
in  tlie  rock,  nearly  full  of  sewage,  through  which  a 
current  of  water  runs  south.  This  is  doubtless  the 
sewer  through  which  the  fcllahin  entered  the  city  in 
the  time  of  Ibrahim  Pacha,  who  appear  t(^  have  pen- 
etrated up  as  far  as  David  Street  and  found  exit 
through  some  of  the  vaults  there.  In  sinking  a  shaft 
near  this  the  remains  of  a  colonnade  were  found  just 
below  the  surface,  consisting  of  piers  built  on  the 
rock  12  feet  G  inches  apart,  with  fallen  arclies  be- 
tween. These  piers  were  built  of  well-dressed  ashlar 
of  soft  sand-stone,  similar  to  the  ruins  of  Suwaineh 
in  the  Jordan  Yalley. 

In  sinkino;  another  shaft  the  debris  of  a  stone  build- 
ing,  and  part  of  a  white  marble  column  twehe 
inches  in  diameter,  were  found.  Twenty-two  feet 
below  this  is  a  chamber  cut  in  the  rock,  ten  feet 
square,  and  ten  feet  high,  covered  with  plaster  two 
inches  thick  and  very  hard.  Entrance  to  this  cham- 
ber was  effected  through  two  maidioles  through  the 
roof,  and  it  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  Ubcd 
as  a  secret  store  for  grain. 

Twenty  feet  to  the  south  of  the  Gate  of  the  Eaili 
is  a  large  cistern  which  runs  east  and  west  and 
pierces  the  Sanctuary  Wall.  Kcar  the  Effendi's 
house  is  another  cistern  or  ratlier  prolongation  of  the 
first,  but  narrower.  At  this  place  it  is  thirty -four 
feet  six  inches  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  to  the 
bottom,  width  twelve  feet,  and  length  from  east  t<; 
west  fourteen  feet  nine  inches.     A  surface  of  twentv 


i 


f 


i 


m 

t 

'/"V 


n=rxft 


J  no 


;,it     III     ir.:;ui      .•>      iAclvC     ill     loilgtll     of      tilt 

."s-  Wall  ii>  exp«»K.Hl  ut  this  i»luce. 

i-xi-avation  inude  near  the  Sanctuary  AVall 

giUo  of  the  Temple  enclosure,  a  small 

found  wliirh  leads  downwaids,  ])assing 

;  of,  and  into  another  passaije,  \vhieh 

;  west.     This  latter  passai^c  is  three  tVct 

-  high  by  two  feet  wide,  rumiinir  nearly 

huruBiiiitalf  and  at  its  eastern  end  opens  thr(>ui;li  the 

*.".'    '     ■"    '      ~-'     i-tnary,  and  is  closed  l»y  a  lari^e  stone 

iidrieal  holes  throuij^h  it  live  and  one- 

lialf  iiiclie^  in  diameter  each,  thronixh  which  water  at 

'i>Kl  nm.     It  is  ]>roha!»le   that  troops 

irt  of  the  wall   canie  down  here  for 


THE   TOWFR   OF    AXTONIA. 

i  lib  tnwor  is  at  the  north-east  angle  of  the  Temple 

•  d  is  bnilt  np  from  the  Sanctuary  AVall, 

•  d  l)y  the  ]H)rtion  forming  the  wall  con- 
«code  from  four  to  seven  inches,  while 

loiiiiiug  the  Utwor  recedes  only  one  and  one- 

,  ...rtcr  inches,  so  that  at  twenty-tw(>  feet  from  where 

Uie  tower  begins  the  ehuit  inwards  is  two  feet,  and  at 

:ice,  forty  feet   above,  the  slant  amounts  to 


I'lH-.iVKUv    AT   ST.    STErnKN's   OATK. 

An   excavation   was   made  outside   of    this  gate. 

When  at  a  depth  of  gix  feet  a  flat  stone  was  found 

'Unding  hollow,  an  aperture  was  made  through 

■ •  circular  «ive  wjis  exposed  to  view  which 


-^ 


X* 


fJ. 


^^T'^^^^r^ij^?^^^^:^^  ''■ 


T^ 


mm 


105 


was  found  to  be  nine  feet  in  diameter  and  four  feet 
high ;  it  is  divided  into  five  loculi  by  plaster  partitioiia 
ab(.)ut  three  inches  thick  and  twelve  inches  high,  and 
had  been  used  as  a  tomb. 

A  shaft  leads  down  fi-ora  this  into  another  chamber 
twenty-six  feet  long  by  six  feet  wide,  which  is  divided 
latitndinally  into  ten  locnli.  Another  passage  lead.> 
into  two  other  and  similar  chambei-s  also  divided  into 
loculi.  A  shaft  forty  feet  deep  leads  from  this  down 
into  another  range  of  these  singular  chambers,  nine  in 
nuuiber,  one  of  which  has  the  appearance  of  having 
been  used  as  an  ante-room,  the  rest  were  divided  into 
loculi.  These  chambers  were  cut  in  a  very  soft  kind 
of  melekeh  and  are  nearly  on  a  plan  with  the  Phoeni- 
cian tombs  at  Saida,  as  they  are  systematically  arran- 
ged tier  upon  tier  with  shafts  leading  down  through 
them.  In  making  these  excavations  ancient  pottery 
and  glass  vases  were  found  at  various  depths. 

EFINS   AT   DAMASCUS   GATE. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  relics  of  antiquity  is 
found  in  an  ancient  tower  at  the  Damascus  gate. 
This  structure  is  very  massive,  and  bears  the  peculiar 
Jewish  marks  similar  to  the  Temple  area  walls.  The 
lower  courses  of  the  city  wall,  for  some  distance  on 
each  side  of  the  gate,  bear  the  same  character  of  lai-ge 
blocks,  beveled  edge,  with  the  whole  surface  hewn 
smooth,  exhibiting  an  earlier  and  more  careful  style 
than  most  other  walls  here.  In  the  tower  on  the  east 
side  of  the  gate  there  is  a  flight  of  Wiuding  staire  of 
square  steps,  with  square  turnings — not  spiral — meas- 
uring 7  feet  long  by  3  wide.     This  was  the  kind  oi 


Ji-__n^ 


I 


t 


% 

i 

I 

ill 


1 

k 


—  if— XT 


.'  > 


l<iG 

1. ...];.../  to  the  middle  cliainbcr  in  the  Tern 
^-s  vi.  8). 

..  JilUXO   PLACE   OF   THE  JEWS. — No.    GO. 

\  »!uirt  distance  below  David  Street,  in  the  foun- 

:dl  of    tJ»e   Teiuj>le    cncl<»sure,   are   several 

»'  I-'  '..  stones,  bearing  the  Jewish  bevel, 

s   of  great   antiquity.     They   were 

loed  here  by  Solomon's  builders  when 

..liion  of  tlie  Temple  was  laid. 

are  the  Stones  of  Wailing,  and  this  is  the 

•x^t  that  tlie  Jews  are  now  permitted  to  come  to 

•;!  place  of  woi-ship  and  sacrifice.     This 

rted  to  at  all  times  by  the  devout,  but 

irriuay  afternoon  is  the  set  time  for  Jews  to  meet  here 

n\  and  weep  for  their  departed  power,  the 

;   their  ancient  city,  and  the   hallowed   and 

:i£fiociation8  of  the  Temple.     And  thus  they 

1.     Old  men  with  white  flowing  beards, 

in  tlie  vigor  of  manhood,  aged  women, 

checked  girls  ;  some  sitting,  some  standing, 

.'  their  heads  affectionately  against  these 

■  woni  stones,  fre(piently  giving  vent  to 

r  grief  in  loud  weeping  and  wailing. 

'     '  .  '   '•rv?{  to  the  Temi»le  Area  are  the 

11     ^   :;d    of    St.    John   of   Jerusalem. 

Iding  was  erected  by  the  Knight  Templars, 

:ilem,  in  the  tinieof  the  Crus.ides, 

may  be  gathered  from  accounts 

of  it  by  anciont  writers,  and  from  ruins  of  it  still 

"^  of  rpuiint  carvings,  and  traces 

seems  U)  have  been  that  of  an 


tsTT' 


,s 


i) 


— -cr 


Oriental  Khan,  being  a  vast  quadrangular  structure 
around  an  interior  court,  the  chambers  opening  on 
the  galleries.  There  are  marks  found  on  the  walls,  and 
many  curious  ornaments  sculptured  in  the  cornice. 

The  Great  Hospital  of  St.  John  is  described  as 
standing  a.d.  1322,  by  Sir  John  Mandeville,  as  a  pal- 
ace supported  and  ornamented  by  178  stone  pillars. 
The  order  of  Knights  Templar  was  gathered  from 
the  nobles  of  all  Europe,  and  was  at  fii-st  chari- 
table for  the  relief  of  pilgrims,  but  afterwards  became 
religious  and  military.  They  were  recognized  as  an 
order  as  late  as  1800,  at  which  time  Malta  was  restored 
to  them  by  England  and  France,  when  Paul,  the  Em- 
peror of  Russia,  was  the  Grand  Master.  But  England 
now  holds  the  island,  and  the  knights  have  lost  all 
dominion  and  power. 

The  gateway  of  the  ruined  hospital  in  Jerusalem 
is  still  standing,  though  very  ruinous.  It  presents  a 
flattened  pointed  arch,  which  is  succeeded  by  a 
round  arch  behind,  ornamented  with  rich  historical 
and  emblematical  carvings  in  stone.  Among  many 
finely  designed  and  chiselled  figures  may  be  seen  the 
LAistB,  which  was  the  peculiar  emblem  of  the  order. 
There  are  broken  stairs,  a  court  surrounded  by  a 
cloister  in  ruins,  with  the  remains  of  several  rooms, 
also  the  remains  of  the  chapel,  largo,  and  ornamented 
with  a  window,  with  stained  or  painted  glass.  This 
monastery  was  founded  in  honor  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist (Saewolf,  A.D.  1102). 

These  mouldering  ruins  are  memorials  of  the  noble 
order  of  Knights,  whose  strong  arms  were  for  ages 
the  bulwark   airainst   the   airirressivG   Moslems,   and 


r      n 


^- 


/  ' 


If- 


r 


liave  inaJe  the  names  of  Acre,  Rhodes, 

•  r  tV.- ]i.-:(it  i.f  iiiriiiv  rradcrs  of  aiieieiit 

•-  of  ihib  leijiarkiihlo  edilice  also  in- 

.^ i.work  of  the  eaine  craftsmen  who 

the   Temple  of    Solomon,  as  its  emblems, 

'.  and  iniicrii»tion6  are  closely  analogous  to  those 

(i  on  the  ruins  about  the  Temple  Area,  other 

•>  in  Palestine,  and  in  the  Cathedrals  of  Europe, 

V,  iu  tl»e    ancient    Cathedml    in    Glasgow, 

.    ii»ay  be  seen  chanvcters  nearly  identical  with 

c  fo'ind  ou  the  Sanctuary  Walls  at  Jei  usalem. 


^srr? 


y 


1/ 


y) 


^4i 


M 


_jjL-.ia 


^.*. 


THE  PETVATE   MAKES   OF   THE  BUILDERS  AND  THE  GREAT 
SUBTERRANEAN   QUARRY. 

Marks  found  on  Stones  in  the  Foundation  Walls 
of  the  Temjple  Area. — Marks  found-  in  Samaria 
arid  in  Hehron. — Tlie  Great  Subterranean  Quarry. 

It  is  a  matter  of  the  highest  interest,  while  carrying 
on  antiquarian  researches,  to  discover  the  evidences 
which  preceded  us  in  our  particular  calling. 

Although  Free  Masonry  is  now  speculative,  still 
there  was  a  time  when  the  Master  Mason  was  the  real 
director  of  the  construction  of  Beautiful  Edifices, 
of  which  the  Magnificent  Temple  of  Solomon,  and 
latterly  the  wonderful  Cathedrals  dotted  all  over 
Europe,  are  specimens ;  the  evidences  of  which 
work  in  the  written  record  has  long  been  familiar  on 
the  page  of  history,  but  the  symbolic  private  marks 
of  the  builders,  used  by  the  master  workman,  for  the 
guidance  of  the  craft  in  laying  the  stones  in  their 
places,  have  escaped  their  proper  notice.  Many  of 
these  marks  have  been  found  on  stones,  in  the  founda- 
tion walls  of  the  Temple  enclosure,  at  Jerusalem. 
They  are  also  found  in  other  parts  of  Palestine,  and 
in  every  country  where  the  Craft  have  since  left  evi- 
dences of  their  skill  and  industry.  These  marks  have 
been  found  on  a  large  number  of  stones,  in  difTorcnt 
courses   in   tlie   Sanctuary  Wall,    and   having    been 


vtn^ 


\<^. 


i 


t 


n 


in- 


M 


:  1 

r 


11" 

;e'  pr.'tuiuJ  from  the  action  ol 
i.usy  hands  of  men. 
The  few  of  which  sketches  are  given,  give  a  com- 

'    ',.  lis  they  are  ahnost  repetitions 

found  wlierevcr  edilices   and 
!»een  coiistructed  hy  the  Craft,  and 
;  on  hy  the  Master  workmen  to  in- 
:i  of  the  stones  in  the  walls  or  struc- 
ro  fyund.     These  marks  have  been  found  on 
of    J«)rdan,  on   the    stones    of    ralmyrn, 
kud  other  cities  that  were  built  since  the 
Solomon,  and,  wherever  the  characters  are 
i,  ihev  are  of  the  same  style  and  color,  being 
•  with  red  paint.     The  base  «)f  this  paint  is  red 
..  which  is  a  natural  prod\iction  and  nearly  inde- 
•  bv  time  or  the  action  of  the  elements.     It  is 
.     ;i   tlie   Egyptian   monuments,   where  it  has 
i  fresh  and  bright  for  35  centuries. 
>»veral  of  tlio  groups  of  these  charactei-s  were  re- 
•  ■'•:■.    .liscuvercd  by  Captain  Warren,  11.  E.,  while 
on  explorations  around  the  south-east  corner 
•  ::iry  Wall  (^wall  of  the  Temi)le  cnclos- 
.'.    ...iU  was  sunk  at  about  twenty  feet  south- 
of  this  corner  of  the  wall,  and  at  a  depth  of  fifty- 
ry  was  excavated  westward,  which 
.    .  ...^  \\ ....  ulxjut  six  feet  north  of  the  corner  ; 
1  tl»ia  jMjint  galleries  and  shafts  were  excavated 
:  the  wall  at  several  places,  and  here 
.  L  of   the  following  groups   of  these 


lOArks:— 

'  No.  1  was  found  cut  in  on  stones  in  the 
unics. 


•f,l, 


Sfii — ir 


:JP--43L 


J 


'^TfS^^^'^J^'^^ 


113 


No.  2  was  found  on  the  second  stone  from  the 
corner  in  the  second  course — made  with  red  paint. 

No.  3  was  ou  the  wall  a  short  distance  from  Gruu]> 
No.  2. 

No.  4  was  on  the  corner-stone  in  the  tlurd  course 
— red  paint. 

No.  5.  This  Group  was  found  in  that  part  of  the 
o;allery  where  the  explorer  is  seen  examuiini^  the 
nuirks  on  the  wall.  These  marks  resemble  the  letters 
O  Y  Q — red  paint. 

No.  6  was  on  the  third  stone  north  in  the  second 
course — red  paint. 

No.  7  was  on  the  sixth  stone  in  the  third  course, 
and  on  a  stone  in  the  tenth  course  a  small  cross  was 
found  cut  in. 

No.  8.  This  group  was  found  on  stones  in  the  west 
wall  of  the  Sanctuary,  near  the  Jews'  wailing-place  ; 
and  at  the  base  of  the  Tower  of  Antonia,  north-east 
angle  of  the  wall,  was  found  another  group  of  nuirks 
ui  red  paint. 

No.  9.  Found  in  a  cave  near  the  Coenaculunfi. 

No.  10  is  agroup  of  marks  gathered  from  the  ancient 
structures  of  Ivui'jet  el  Enab,  and  also  known  as  Abu 
(iosh  village,  the  Emmaus  of  the  time  of  Christ,  and 
the  more  ancient  Kirjath  Jearim  of  Solomon's  age. 
Here  are  several  very  neatly  nuide  and  familiar 
figures,  not  unlike  some  in  use  at  this  day.  They 
were  very  clearly  drawn,  in  red  color,  as  nearly  all  ol 
such  marks  are,  in  every  country  where  the  craft  luuo 
had  use  for  them. 

The  group  No.  11,  from  Samaria,  claims  (Hpuil 
attention   for  their  peculiar  design  and  evident  anti- 


M 

# 


0 


— ,,: ~-^t=^ 


114 


liivUh,  as  far  as  the 
y  carry  ■ 

:..j  workoi     -- 

jrand  masters, 

;.  and  looks  fajtiiliar 

K        -  R,  vrith  a  cn^ss  and 

.s  some  of  the  mono- 

_ne,  but  a  closer 

,.i.  L       .-  separate   aud  dis- 

i,  as  if  for  a  name. 

was  found  on  a  stone  among  the 

of  ♦'     "  /"]   near  the  Damascus 


Mo 


iy 


1 


e;j 


1 6  were  iiscovered  b v  A-  L.  Ilaw- 

^'   • '—  ^••■^— of  law, 

at  Ile- 
-  of  tiie  interior  of  the  tombs, 
!  de\-iees,  which  were 
parts  of  this  build- 
have  been  originally  a  small 
!  wliich  several  r.    "  " 
■  »  age,  until  it  h;  -  . 
^i  mafiB  of  buildings,  and  finally  thrown  oil 
id  became  a  mosque  with 

lucicnt  and  portions  of  them 


;l 


•ovel — this  ifi  fomid  on  all  the  old 


1/ 


H 


JX^r, 


n 


I 


=«..aEl 


117 


Beneath  this  structure  is  a  cliainhcr,  navini^  for  ita 
roof  a  part  of  the  floor  of  the  inos(jue  ;  and  in  a  recess 
not  now  in  use  were  found  the  three  groups  of  marks. 

Ko.  17.  This  group  was  found  on  the  walls  of  the 
ancient  Cathedi-al  at  Glasgow.  These  hiter  grou2)3 
all  being  very  similar  to  those  found  on  the  Sanctu- 
ary wall,  tell  the  same  story  of  the  work  of  the  ancient 
builders. 

At  first  glance  several  of  the  characters  seen  in  the 
different  groups  of  marks  appear  very  much  like  the 
letters  HMCRDKOW  and  others,  but  an  exam- 
ination of  the  Phoenician  and  Hebrew  ali)hal)ets  will 
show  that  these  forms  are  only  accidentally  similar. 
The  other  marks  are  well  known  to  the  Craft,  and 
need  no  explanation  here. 

Besides  the  ancient  marks  there  are  characters 
written  on  the  walls  which  were  repaired  or  built 
by  the  fi*aternity  during  the  crusades.  These  are 
distinctly  Roman  letters  and  numerals,  with  a  very 
small  proportion  of  signs,  which  are  repetitions  of 
those  used  by  the  ancient  builders,  and  evidently  used 
for  the  same  purpose.  That  purpose,  it  is  quite  cer- 
tain, was,  besides  the  proper  placing  of  the  stones 
in  the  walls,  the  designation  of  that  part  of  the  work 
which  was  done  by  any  particular  company  or  lodge. 
Some  used  the  five-pointed  star,  others  a  circle  divid- 
ed into  four  or  six  parts.  A  circle  with  a  T  occurs 
very  often  on  different  parts  of  the  works,  and  indi- 
cates either  a  large  lodge,  or  a  very  industrious  one. 
The  antiquity  of  these  marks  may  be  the  more  cci* 
tainly  determined  from  the  fact  that  there  are  no 
distinctive  Christian  emblems  nor  Mohammedan  si'nis 


118 


■  •,  the  fR»^  of  the  Knii^lits  Tem- 
11  date  more  recent  than  the  age 
t,  except  those  mentioned  as  being  on  part^ 
■  '  d  t»r  rebuilt. 

in  these  antiquities  centres  in 

tho  fact  Uuit  tiiey  are  evidences  that  a  certain  order 

■  ,i\  together  for  a  certain  ])uri>ose,  in  those 

.  and  have  k*ft  behind  tliein,  without  de- 

.  these  signs  of  tlieir  occupation  and  method  of 


.      .   ihey  had  a   unif<»rm  system   of  marks  and 

si^rns  apjjcars  fR»iu  the  similarity  of  these  charactei-s 

r  found, both  in  Palestine  and  Eurojie,  Mhere 

c  ancient  monunu-nts  (»r  cafhrdrals  erected  by 

thu«o  skilled  workmen. 

An  idea  of  the  great  extent  of  the  systematic  work 
•  I'lic   in  Jerusalem  alone,  can  be   formed   from   a 
tnary  of  the  recent  explorations  and  discoveries 
:i*cre. 

Tho  substructions  of  Solomon's  Temple  have  been 
almost  entirely   examined,   and   those  columns   are 
built  of  carefully  cut  stones,  with  the 
.  ;.c  rebate  or  bevel  at  the  cornere,  form- 
Is  es'cry  few  feet.     These  columns  suppoit 
1  in   the  most  skilful   manner,   and   as 
1  built. 

It  of  the  ma-^ive  ancient  walls  of  tho 
!»  traced  out,  and  these,  with  the  ruins 
.  vanlti»,  and  chambers  are  nearly  always 
■  •d  stylo  or  Phcenician — which  was  tho 
fci^lu  of  liiu  Alaiionic  craftsmeu. 


Jl 


-VJ--V 


1 


^0 


^M 


TIIK    GRKAT   SUBTERRANEAN    QUAKUY. — XO.  (>'.j. 

It  is  only  a  few  years  since  that  Dr.  IJarclay,  an 
American  physician  and  missionary,  resident  of 
Jernsalem,  discovered  the  entrance  to  the  ancient  sub- 
terranean quarry,  from  which  the  great  stones 
were  taken  for  the  foundation  walls  of  the  Temple 
built  by  Solomon.  Certain  passages  in  Kings  and 
Chronicles  were  somewhat  obscure  until  liglit  was 
thrown  upon  them  by  an  examination  of  the  place 
wliere  the  workmen  "  sawed  with  saws,  stones,"  "  great 
stones,"  and  carefully  chipped  off  the  rough  coruei-s, 
and  finished  the  "  costly  stones  "  for  those  magnificent 
edifices  which  were  the  admiration  of  the  age  in 
which  they  were  built,  and  the  wonder  of  all  suc- 
ceeding ages. 

The  quantity  of  stone  required  for  these  structures 

was  truly  immense ;  that  of  the  Temple  foundations 

alone  requiring  more  than  one  million  square  yards 

stone,  which  are  now  in  position  in  the  walls  and 

ay  be  examined.     This  quarry  is  underground,  and 

der  that  part  of  the  city  just  nortli  and  west  of  the 

mple  Area,  now  called  Bezetha,  and  occupied  by 

le  IMohammedans. 

The  entrance  is  a  few  rods  east  of  the  Damascus 

ate,  outside  of  the  city  wall.     The  largest  room  in 

le  cave  is  750  feet  long,  about  100  wide,  and  30  feet 

^h.     Large  pillars  of  tlie  rock  wei-e  k'ft  at  intervals 

the  support   of  the  ]ion(ler<')us  ccilinir.     Sc'V('r:il 


I 


m 


u      o 


n  _n 


r^ 


;  iiniB  open  from  the  larj^or  one ;  in  all  of 

i-m  are  f»»nnd  marks  c»f  the  workmen's  tools.     The 

:■;  a  ft«»ft  limestone  nearly  as  white  and  soft  as 

juiii  may  be  sawed  into  blocks  now  as  it  was  in 

•u's  time.     The  harder  variety  is  a  buff  color, 

'til  oranire,  and  takes  a  line  j)olish.     The 

I  ..c  irri>ws  harder  by  exposure  to  air  and  water. 

:ire  many  little  shelves  cut  in  the  walls,  on  which 

the   lami»s   wei*e  set,  and 

t!ie  Fm<»ke  fn»m  the  burn-  ^'    -"^• 

'  :_'  lanijt^fanstill  be  traced 

i  tlie  white  walls  almost 

ii>  black  and  s<H)ty  as  though 

the    quarrymen    had   left 

them  la«t  week  instead  of 

-      :.2ro.     Water  trickles 

trtim  the  roof  of  the 

I  many  places  from 

rvuirs  or  drains 

has  thus  formed 

.    ami     the   di"i]i- 

I'havemade 

t  roll!  below, 

Ir'im    tlie    fl<»or  in 

•  •ral  feet  in  a  great  variety  of  f(n-ms 

ithern  cave  there  is  a  sjjring  of  water, 

equence  of  the  limestone  formation  of  the 

-  not  sweet.     There  is  no  doubt  but  that 

rs  iiad  an  oj)cning  in  the  south  end  of  the 

aiT)'  through  which  the  stone  for  the  Temple  were 

down  to  the  Tenijtle  site,  for  the  whole  of 

i)'  lii'/licr  ib:iii   tlie  Ti'initle   area.     This 


r 


-V-NCll-NT  LA.vr. 


•^ 


I 


>"■' 


it 


opening  has  not  yet  been  found,  but  doubtless  will  bo 
as  soon  as  the  Mohammedans  will  permit  a  search  to 
be  made. 

Josephus  says  that  the  Jews  hid  away  from  Titus 
in  a  cave,  and  there  is  room  enough  in  this  quarry  for 
the  population  of  the  city  to  have  gathered  without 
crowding.  The  floor  is  very  uneven,  with  a  general 
descent  south,  and  there  are  precipices  formed 
by  the  workmen  taking  out  large  blocks  below  the 
level  of  the  floor  in  different  places,* 

The  ground  is  everywhere  littered  with  chippings 
and  blocks  of  stone,  large  and  small. 

There  are  great  blocks  of  stone,  partly  quarried, 
still  hanging  to  the  native  mass.  One  of  these  was 
a  stone  about  10  feet  high  and  between  3  and  4  feet 
square.  The  workmen  had  commenced  by  ciitting  a 
crease  upon  two  sides  about  four  inches  Avide,  and 
had  proceeded  until  it  was  about  two  feet  deep 
on  each  side  of  the  block.  This  must  have  been 
done  with  a  long  pointed  instrument  having  a 
chisel-shaped  end.  They  had  no  gunpowder  in 
those  days,  and  seem  not  to  have  understood  how 
to  split  them  with  wedges,  but  literally  chiselled 
them  out  by  persevering  labor.  The  work  of 
cutting  out  this  block  was  nearly  completed,  for 
the  two  grooves,  one  from  the  front  and  the  other 
from  the  side,  at  right  angles  wath  each  other,  had 


*  A  few  years  since  a  human  skeleton  was  found  at  the  bottom 
of  one  of  these  precipices,  showing  that  some  unknowm  explorer 
had  stumbled  over  there,  and  thus  perished  in  a  place  which 
thousands  of  years  before  was  thronged  with  the  busy  workmen 
of  Solomon. 


.p_n- 


^^M 


12(5 

:irriod  nearly  to  tlio necessary  depth  t<. allow  the 
.t  ma£8  to  be  pried  from  its  bed.     The  marks 
„(    i].,  perfect  as  if    made   yesterday  ; 

Ijut  ii.^       _  -ft  this,  with  much  more  uufmishcd 

work,  and  never  returned.    AVho  can  tell  why  ?    Was 
il  in  of    an   attack   on  the    city  from 

ai,  jn- :  or  was  it  found  just  at  this  par- 

tiruhir  time  tliat  no  moro  stone  were  needed  ? 

f  of  tljis  being  the  quarry  from  which  the 
. .  ...  :   .  ihe  Temple  were  procured,   we  have  the 
following  facts  : — First,  the  stone  is  the  same  in  every 
rc!sj>cct  as  that  of  portions  of  the  old  wall  still  remaii.- 
•  ';  H-'ct.nd,  die  immense  piles  of  chippings  found  in 
larry  show      that  the  stone  were  not  only  quar- 
.  -d,  but  dressed  and  finished  here, — corresponding 
•lb   tlio   account,  that    they  were    brought  to  the 
!  .-inple  ready  to  be  laid  without  the  aid  of  liammer 
'  toi»l ;  third y  the  extreme  tifje  of  thitttjuurri/, 
.-  ...  'i-.i't'ji  bark  ill,  legetuh*  and  tradiiio/is  to  the 
(iiti/f  of  Jeremiah  ;  lastly,  there  are  no  other  great 
larrics  near  the  city,  from  which  this  kind  of  stone 
.■»uld  have  l>ecn  taken.     So  then  this  is  the  ])lace 
whort!  nearly  tJiree  thousand  years  ago  the  craftsmen 
"f  S<ilonion  prc[>ared  the  stone  for  the  magniliccnt 
Ttiiiple  of  God.     It  is  now  a  solenm   and  gloomy 
cavcni ;  large  numbers  of  bats  hang  to  the  ceiling,  and, 
nrotiKxl  by  the  approach  of  the  e.xplorcr.  Hit  about  liia 
bead.     Occasionally  a  pile  of  bones  bro\ight  in  by 
jiu'kalH  arn'Jil  his  nttenti(m,  and  the  giving  away  of  the 
eurtli  under  bii<  feet  indicates  the  ])laces  where  they 
"    ■     i.     Darkness  impenetrable  and  silence  ]ira- 
:  \adc  the  pliicc.     The  grand<'ur  of  its  l<'fty 


aV, 


m 

y 


n 


& 


\''n 


i  : 


/  w 


mi 


0^1 


V2\< 

ceilings,  its  vast  extent,  ito  lej^ends  and  aasi  K-,iali<  >ns, 
all  combine  to  inspire  the  e\[)l()rer  with  feelinj;s  ol 
astonishment  and  awe.  The  Crusaders  have  left 
many  marks  on  the  walls,  showin*^  that  this  quarry 
was  known  in  their  day,  also  proving  the  antiquity  of 
several  of  the  signs  now  in  use  by  the  cj-att.* 

To  all  who  hold  the  connnon  faith  in  the  God  of 
Abraham,  the  historical  evidence  derived  from  this 
quaiTV,  and  all  the  surromiding  facts  in  proof  of  the 
truth  of  Scripture  history  is  beyond  price,  and  nmst 
be  convincing  to  all  reflecting  minds.  And  to 
masons  who  believe  in  the  antiquity  of  the  origin  of 
the  order  this  nmst  be  a  source  of  great  satisfaction, 
as  this  evidence,  in  connection  with  recent  discoveries 
made  about  the  temple  area,  including  the  private 
marks  of  the  builders,  leaves  but  little  room  to  doubt 
that  the  order  "I'igiuated  at  the  building  of  Solomon's 
Temple. 


f^? 


^ 


n. 


^ 


If 

m 
m 


'I  I 


i—^ 


'VWoiitia  urtiyiiiii'Miuiii: 


m 


J 


Andent  Tijre,  HiraTrCs  Torrib — Jojypa — Mt.  Leba- 
non— Pass  of  the  Jordan— Hebron,  its  important 
Relics  of  Antiquity ;  its  singular  Mosque,  and 
Fanatical  Inhabitants — The  ruins  of  Beeroth — 
Kirjath-Jearim — Samaria,  Church  of  St.  John — 
Kiyig  Solomon^ s  Store  Cities,  BaaWek — Tadmor, 
and  Hamath. 

TYKE 

Is  situated  on  a  rocky  peninsula  which  was  an 
island  until  350  e.g.,  when  the  city  was  besieged 
by  Alexander  the  Great,  who,  after  repeated  failures 
to  take  it,  built  a  causeway  out  to  it  from  the  main- 
land and  thus  reached  the  defences,  and  took  the  city. 

The  accumulation  of  sand  around  and  over  this 
causeway  soon  rendered  it  terra  lirma,  thus  form- 
ing the  peninsula. 

At  the  time  of  Solomon  and  the  Hirams,  Tyre  was 
one  of  the  richest  cities  in  the  world,  its  people  being 
among  the  most  skilful  manufacturers  and  buildei-s 
of  that  period,  manufacturing  many  articles  of  luxur}' 
and  use,  and  having  for  customers  many  nations 
and  peoples. 

S}Tia  was  thy  merchant  by  reason  of  the  multitude 
of  the  wares  of  thy  making :  they  occupied  in  thy  fairs 
with  emei-alds,  purple,  and  broidered  work,  and  line 
linen,  and  coral,  and  agate. 

Jndah,  and  the  land  of  Israel,  thov  wore  thv  inp'- 


!t 


\M 


hi 


;^(' 


1^ 


ifr:^ 


chants :  they  traded  in  tliy  market  wheat  of  Minnith, 
and  Pannag  (Geuseng),  and  honey,  and  oil,  and  hahn 
Damascus  was  thy  merchant  in  the  multitude  of 
the  wares  of  thy  making?,  for  the  multitude  of  all 
riches;  in  the  wine  of  Ilelbon,  and  white  wool. 
(Ezekiel,  xxvii.,  IG,  17,  18.) 

Amc)n^'  the  principal  articles  of  ex]>ort  were  glass, 
eni,-ar,  and  the  famous  Tyrian  i)urple  dye.  This  dye 
was  extracted  from  a  kind  of  shell-fish  found  on  the 
coast.  Sugar  cane  was  cultivated  to  a  considerable 
extent,  and  sugar  made  similar  to  that  now  made  in 
the  West  Indies  and  other  tropical  regions. 

Iliram,  King  of  Tyre,  sent  cedar  wood  and  work- 
men to  build  David  a  palace,  (2.  Sam.  vii.),  and  he 
afterwards  sent  Iliram  the  widow's  son,  a  Jew  of  the 
tribe  of  Nai)htuli,  who  cast  the  vessels  of  bronze 
for  the  Temple,  King  Iliram  f\irnishing  the  metal, 
also  the  cedar  and  fir  trees;  and  the  Jews  and 
Pha^uicians  worked  together,  the  friendship  between 
them  continuing  for  over  a  centur}'. 

Afterwards,  however,  the  PhaMiicians  sold  Jewish 
children  into  captivity.     (Joel  iii.  C-S.) 

Carthage  was  planted  as  a  colony  of  Tyre  809  b.c. 
There  wjis  a  Temple  at  Tyre  in  honor  of  Hercules, 
in  whii-h  he  was  woi-shiped  as  a  god,  under  the  name 
(.f  Melkarth,  and  Arrian,  the  liistorian  (b.c.  150),  says 
that  it  was  the  most  ancient  Tomjile  in  the  world. 

Asht<jreth  was  also  worshiped  there,  who  is  called 
Diana,  and  Queen  of  Heaven.  Solomon  built  a  shrine 
in  honor  of  this  goddess  on  tho^bmnt  of  Olives,  oppo- 
site Jerusalem,  as  a  t(jken  of  his  friendship  for  Iliram 
of  Tvrc. 


"(3 — a 


w 


w 


135 


Tlie  most  interesting  relic  of  this  ancient  city  now 
to  be  seen,  is  a  large  stone  in  the  sea  wall  17  feet  long 
6|  feet  high,  and  l)etween  4  and  5  feet  thick,  lyiii;^ 
in  its  original  position,  where  it  was  placed  3,000 
years  ago.  This  stone  has  the  rebate  or  bevel  bo 
noted  in  Phoenician  and  Jewish  works.  There  arc 
many  columns  and  floors  of  mai-ble  buried  under  the 
rubbish  all  over  the  island  and  mainland  city,  and 
sunk  in  the  sea  along  the  shore  for  miles,  and  thousands 
of  pieces  of  stone  wrought  into  columns,  capitals,  and 
panels  have  been  carried  away  to  Joppa,  Acre,  Bei- 
rut and  other  cities,  and  built  into  modern  houses  or 
burnt  into  lime,  and  this  work  is  still  ffoinir  on. 
Those  that  lie  in  the  sea  are  fretted  and  perforated 
by  ages  of  exposure  to  storms  and  tempests.  Their 
number  and  style  attest  the  grandeur  of  this  once 
proud  metropolis. 

On  the  mainland  there  is  a  ruined  Cathedral 
Church,  which  dates  fi'om  the  earliest  ages,  aiid  has 
memories  lingering  around  it  of  the  pleasing  old  histo- 
rian, "William  of  Tyre,  who  was  also  a  bishop  of  Tyre, 
and  officiated  within  those  walls. 

It  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  churches  which 
the  Crusaders  built  in  Palestine  ;  its  length  was  205 
feet,  and  nearly  140  wide,  and  has  this  peculiarity, 
that  the  transept  projects  15  feet  on  each  side.  The 
other  proportions  and  plans  are  similar  to  those  of 
other  churches  at  Samaria  and  Lydda.  It  has  three 
naves  and  three  apses,  separated  by  a  balustrade. 
This  church  was  partly  constructed  fi'om  the  spoils  of 
ancient  Temples.  On  the  ground  now  lie  prostrate 
magnificent  columns  carved  in  rose  granite,  monoliths 


1 
I 


\?C- 


h 

pi 


§ 


M 


U^  "U 


1 1  A, 


^>' 


ij^i> 


l¥ 


ir^. 


wliich  bv  their  dimensions  mugt  have  orisinally  been 
parts  of  structures  of  the  tiiist  order,  and  which  were, 
undoubtedly  the  central  jtillarsof  the  cathedral.  The 
windows  are  curiously  ornamented  on  the  outside, 
havincr  a  scroll  and  fretwork,  indented  and  rc'c-tuii'ni- 
lar. 

The  arch  rests  on  an  abacus  with  a  very  elaborate 
pattern. 

The  only  part  of  this  edifice  now  standiii":  is  the 
east  end,  the  three  ajtscs  enclosed  in  the  wall  of  the 
modern  city.  The  walls  are  built  against  by  the  mud- 
huts  of  the  ptx)r,  like  huge  swallows'  nests  plastered 
into  all  the  corners  and  transepts,  and  the  ragged 
women  and  children  fill  the  place  with  their  noisy 
gabble,  where  had  been  heard  in  eloquent  tones  the 
voices  of  Paulinus  its  Bishop,  and  a  brother  of  Euse- 
bii:s,  wlio  wrote  the  consecration  sermon,  which  we  still 
have,  and  also  wrote  the  early  history  of  the  church, 
and  of  William  (»f  Tyre,  the  bishop  and  historian, 
and  greater  tliun  these,  Origen,  who  may  be  said  to 
have  saved  the  Holy  Scriptures  from  oblivion  through 
his  labors  of  a  long  lifetime,  in  collecting,  translat- 
ing, and  arranging,  from  every  country,  the  scattered 
frairments.  This  historic  ruin  now  echoes  to  the 
gossip  of  jX)or  Arabs  who  watched  its  slow  decay 
ever  since  the  last  religious  service  was  held  in  it — 
almost  the  last  held  by  the  Crusaders  in  Palestine. 

At  the  time  of  Christ,  Tyre  contained  a  population 
of  about  150,000  souls,  but  since  it  has  l)cen  under 
Turkish  rule  (a.d.  1291),  it  has  rapidly  declined  until 
it  is  now  oidy  a  miserable  Arab  village  of  3,000  in- 
habitants. Tnniiy  of  the  dwellings  being  constructed 


hN. 


y/ 


— CT 


'''''''!''.' :''''"ri;!l'l'l'!i!'ir':::!i:j:;!-'!'''!^:ig! 


h^ 


}V\Ja 


t4 


m 


of  stone,  which  liad  done  service    in  tlie   walls  of 
splendid  ancient  public  edifices  and  dwcUin^-s. 

Throughout  the  old  city  heaps  of  ddbris  and  rub- 
bish are  found,  in  some  of  which  piles  of  broken  <r]asd 
(doubtless  the  waste  of  the  factories  of  ancient  Tyi-e), 
and  broken  shells  of  the  kind  that  furnished  the 
famous  purple  dye,*  have  been  discovered. 

The  traveler  Sandys,  writing  in  IGIO,  says  of  Tyre, 
"This  once  famous  Tyre  is  now  no  other  than  an 
heap  of  ruins;  yet  have  they  a  reverent  respect;  and 
do  instruct  the  pensive  beholder  with  their  exemplary 
frailty." 

In  alluding  to  its  fountains  he  says,  "  "We  passed 
certain  cisterns  some  miles  and  better  distant  from 
the  city  ;  which  are  called  Salmon's  by  the  Christians 
of  this  country,  I  know  not  why,  unless  these  are  they 
which  he  mentions  in  the  Canticles.  Square  they 
are  and  large ;  replenished  with  living  water,  which 
was  in  times  past  conveyed  by  aqueducts  into  the 
orchards." 

The  silence,  desolation,  and  ruins  of  this  once  opu- 
lent city,  all  attest  the  complete  fulfilment  of  the  pro- 
phesies of  its  destruction. 

"  And  they  shall  destroy  the  walls  of  T}tus,  and 
break  down  her  towers :  I  will  also  scrape  her  dust 
from  her,  and  make  her  like  the  top  of  a  rock," 

"  It  shall  be  a  place  for  the  spreading  of  nets  in  the 
midst  of  the  sea:  for  I  have  spoken  it,  saith  the  Lord 
God  :  and  it  shall  become  a  spoil  to  the  nations," 

*  Robert  Morris,  in  18f)8,  was  so  fortunate  as  to  find  a  glase 
bottle  among  the  rubbish,  holding  about  three  pints,  and  nearlj 
perfect. 


J 


t 


i, 


m 


& 

n 


hi 


1^: 

.V 


"  And  1  will  cause  the  uoise  uf  thy  svw^  to  cease ; 
and  the  sound  of  tliy  harps  bluill  be  uo  more  heard."' 
{A'ztkitl,  xxvi.  4,  5,  13.) 

uiiiam's  \vi:ll.  • 

Tlierc  is  a  massive  square  structure  over  a  foun- 
tain, which  tradition  claims  is  Hiram's  well,  Mhere 
in  the  morning  and  evening  maybe  seen  long  files  of 
Arab  women,  with  their  ancient-looking  water-jars, 
.ruin*'  and  commg  with  the  dav's  supply  of  the  sweet 

u  atiT. 

KING    niKAil. 

Hiram,  King  of  Tyre,  was  son  <.f  a  former  King  of 
Tvre  of  the  same  name,  and,  like  him,  a  friend  of 
David.  He  congratulated  Solomon  at  the  commence- 
ment of  his  reign,  and  furnished  essential  aid  in  build- 
ing the  Temple.  He  provided  timber  and  stones, 
together  with  gold,  and  received  in  return  large  sujv 
jdies  of  corn,  Avine,  and  oil.  And  when  the  Temple 
and  the  Iving's  palace  were  completed  he  was  i>re- 
Bcnted  with  twenty  cities  in  the  land  of  Cabul ;  but, 
not  deeming  them  acceptal>le,  he  remonstrated  with 
Solomon,  saying,  "What  cities  are  these  which  thou 
hast  given  me,  my  brother?"  (1  Kings  ix.  13).  He 
afterwards  joined  Solomon  in  his  connnercial  enter- 
prises (1  Kings  ix.  2G— 28  ;  x.  11—22).  Josei.hus  re- 
lates that  he  greatly  improved  his  city  and  realm,  and 
died,  after  a  i)rt.?pcrouB  reign  of  thirty-four  years,  at 
the  age  of  fifty -two. 

niKAM's   TOMB. 

About  six  miles  from  the  city  of  Tyre,  among  the 


t 


-a- 


I<^' 


i'^'r 


t 


i\\ 


m 


143 


hills  which  are  dotted  with  many  vilhif^cs  cosilv 
bowered  in  groves  of  olive,  orange,  lemon,  and  poim- 
granate  trees,  there  stands  a  grand  and  massive  sarco- 
phagus lifted  high  on  a  solid  pedestal  of  limestont'. 
\\ith  a  deep  arched  well  or  large  cistern  near  it.  Tlii.- 
sarcophagus  is  12  ft.  11  in.  long  by  7  ft.  8  in.  wide,  and 

3  ft.  G  in.  high;  the  lid  is  roof-shaped  and  3  ft,  G  in. 
high.  The  lid  is  apparently  unlinished  in  the  respeci 
tliat  tliere  ai"e  none  of  the  elevated  corners  so  constant 
a  feature  in  all  other  tombs  in  this  vicinity,  and  a? 
appears  in  the  illustration;  the  shape  of  the  stone 
favors  the  supposition  that  the  corners  may  have  been 
broken  off.  The  base  is  formed  of  thi-ee  tiei-s  of 
stones  each  13  feet  long,  by  nearly  11  ft.  wide. 

The  stones  forming  the  third  course  project  a  little 
all  around,  and  are  15  feet  long,  10  wide,  and  3  feet 

4  inches  thick.  The  next  on  which  the  coffin  rests  is 
12  feet  3  inches  long,  and  8  feet  tliick.* 

The  view  is  from  the  west  end,  from  which  direc- 
tion it  is  seen  to  the  best  advantage.  There  is  no  at- 
tempt at  finish  anywhere  ;  the  great  blocks  of  stone 
were  only  squared  and  laid  over  one  another,  without 
any  intentional  architectural  effect  beyond  the  sliglitly 
decreasing  size  of  the  immense  blocks.  The  cap- 
stone or  lid  is  raised  in  the  centre  like  a  roof,  in  the 
juanner  of  other  lids  of  sarcophagi,  which  are  found 
scattered  about  in  many  parts  of  Palestine. 

The  east  end  of  this  tomb  has  been  broken  open, 
but  \vhether  by  robbers  in  search  of  phmder  or  by 
curiosity-seekers  is  not  known.    AVith  tlie  exception 

•  These  dimensions  were  taken  by  Robert  Morris  in  ISHS,  who 
made  the  most  accurate  measurement  of  (hcin  ever  \fi  (akfii. 


,r^.. 


I-  '-,t 


m 


ill 


M 


A 


^Mi. 


o — C' 


m 


Vi' 


^ 


Ml 


of  the  break  this  monument  has  not  been  injured,  and 
only  shows  the  touches  of  time  during  the  many  cen- 
tiiries  it  has  been  exposed  to  the  severe  winter  storms 
of  this  eoast, 

riie  site  was  well  selected  for  the  sepulchre  of  the 
irroat  PhoMiician  king,  being  high  on  the  l)r<)W  of  a 
hill,  or  rather  on  the  crest  of  a  range  of  hills,  where 
the  eve  may  look  over  the  plain  to  the  sea  ami  the 
citv,  which  once  boasted  of  its  rule  on  that  sea  :i.s  a 

The  commanding  location  of  this  tomb,  its  massive 
projHjrtions  and  neighboring  ruins,  arc  strongly  cor- 
roborative of  the  tmdition  that  this  was  the  last  rest- 
ing place  of  King  Solomon's  friend.  It  is  of  great 
antiquity,  and  the  surrounding  ruins  indicate  that  this 
was  only  the  central  body,  around  and  over  which 
wjis  a  structure  adorned  in  a  style  befitting  the  pur- 
]K)se,  the  age,  and  the  wealth  of  the  nation,  which 
boasted  of  its  advanced  })o>ition  among  the  culti- 
vated naticms. 

There  arc  several  other  tom])s  scattered  about  in 
the  fields  in  this  vicinity,  which  are  ]>opulai-ly  said  to 
have  been  those  of  various  memljcrs  of  Kin;;  Hiram's 
family. 

These  stone  coffins  are  still  rpiite  numerous  in  this 
part  of  Palestine,  although  the  ]\Ioliannncdans  have 
been  breaking  them  \\\)  for  building  jiurposes,  or 
burning  them  into  lime  for  ages.  Scvcial  hundred 
rue  still  lying  about  the  hill  near  Khan  Khuldch, 
Ivo  miles  B^)Uth  of  Hcirut.  Some  of  them  arc  (ir- 
i.;inu'nted  with  carvings  of  llowers,  wreaths  of  leaves, 
cherubs,  Baal  head  figures  of  warriore,  very  well  do- 


1  y-^ 


i     4-    •/. 


i 


Bic^ned,  and  nearly  all  have  raised  corners,  somewhat 
like  a  horn. 

But  nowhere  is  there  any  instance  of  an  inscriptidu, 
niai-k,  or  character,  excei)t  on  the  coffin  of  the  Kin<^ 
of  Sidon,  which  was  brought  to  light  a  few  yeai-s 
since. 

The  whole  \ncinity  of  Hiram's  tomb  abounds  in 
ruins  of  Phoenician  character,  the  most  important  of 
which  is  a  pavement  in  colored  marble  covering  tlie 
wliole  inside  area  of  a  heathen  temple,  with  figures  of 
Greek  and  Phcenician  deities,  each  with  the  name  cut 
in  ancient  Greek  or  Phoenician  lettei"S  on  each  side  of 
the  head  and  inside  of  a  circle.  There  are  altojrether 
40  gods  and  goddesses  portrayed  ;  besides  on  one  side 
48  circles  containing  fishes,  animals,  and  fowls,  and 
on  the  other  64  cii'cles  of  the  same  character.  Be- 
tween the  columns  are  animals  chasing  each  other, 
such  as  leopards,  lions,  bears,  chasing  deer,  Ijoars,  rab- 
bits, etc.  There  is  quite  a  natural  history  in  this 
pavement.  Some  Greek  words  and  names  found  hci-o. 
may  help  to  fix  the  date  of  the  structure,  wliich  has 
not  yet  been  determined. 

The  number  of  important  ruins  in  this  part  of 
Phoenicia  is  so  great  as  to  fill  a  large  volume,  with 
even  a  slight  notice  of  each,  proving  that  the  Phceni- 
cians  were  a  highly-cultivated,  skilful,  and  woaltliy 
people,  fond  of  the  fine  arts  and  full  of  public  spii-it. 
Their  descendants  who  now  occupy  the  counti-y  are 
simply  barbarians  in  comparison,  caring  little  for  the 
arts,  bent  only  on  a  fanatical  display  of  veneration 
and  devotion  to  God,  and — his  prophet  Mohammed. 


■/'^ 


■Iff 


'X3i 


y^f 


I 


(*< 


:.W 


=^^s^M! 


^ 


ill 


PASS   OF   THE   JORDAN. 

The  diflicultica  in  the  wav  of  determining  the 
place  where  tlic  army  of  Jephtha  held  the  ford  of  the 
Jordan  airaint  the  Ephrainiites,  disappear  on  an  ex- 
amination of  the  to^H.-^rapiiy  of  the  country  on  each 
bank  of  the  river. 

Its  tributaries  on  the  cast  and  west  side,  all  run 
between  ranges  of  rocky  hills,  the  ravines  all  running 
south-cast  or  south-west,  towards  the  river.  At  the 
j\inction  of  the  Wady  Ferah  with  the  Jordan,  a  sand- 
bar has  been  formed,which  constitutes  this  ford  or  pass. 

The  travel  between  two  important  cities — Shechem 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  and  Kanioth  Gilead  on 
the  east,  was  over  a  main  highway,  which  leads  to 
tlie  river  at  this  ford.  This  is  also  the  most  reliable 
ford  between  the  Sea  of  Galilee  and  the  Dead  Sea, 
esjtecially  after  a  rain,  when  the  other  fords  are  sure 
to  be  impjissable,  this  one,  from  the  great  width  of 
the  river  at  this  place,  is  practicable ;  this,  with  the 
historical  and  traditional  evidence,  leaves  no  room  to 
doubt  that  this  is  the  pass  at  which  tlie  guards  were 
stationed  to  intercept  the  Ephrainiites. 

BATTLE  WTrn  TITE  EmRAnnTEg. 

And  the  men  of  Ei>hraim  gathered  themselves  to- 
gether, and  went  northward,  and  said  unto  Jephthah, 
Wliereforc  passedest  thou  over  to  light  against  tho 
children  of  Ammon,  and  didst  not  call  us  to  go  with 
tlicc?  we  will  burn  thine  house  upon  thee  with  fire. 

And  Jephthah  said  unto  them,  I  and  my  people 
were  at  great  strife  with  the  children  of  Ammon ;  and 


C, 


^M^^. 


^-^x;^- 


,\  J 


O^   t> 


%-    -'t? 


PASS    OF   THE    JORDAN 


i^ 


m 


when  I  called  y^u,  je  delivered  me  not  out  of  the'u 
hands. 

And  when  I  saw  that  ye  delivered  //.-  not,  I  jnit 
my  life  in  my  hands,  and  passed  over  ai^ainst  tlie 
children  of  Ammon,  and  the  Lord  delivered  them 
into  my  hand:  wherefore  then  arc  yo  come  up  untcj 
me  this  day,  to  fight  against  me  ? 

Then  Jephthah  gathered  together  all  the  men  of 
Gilcad,  and  fought  with  Epln-aim  :  and  the  men  of 
Gilead  smote  Ephraim,  because  they  said.  Ye  Gilead- 
ites  are  fugitives  of  Ephraim  among  the  Ephraimites, 
and  among  the  Manassites. 

And  the  Gileadites  took  the  passages  of  Jordan 
before  the  Eplirairaitos :  and  it  was  so,  tliat  wlien 
those  Ephraimites  which  were  escaped  said.  Let  me 
go  over,  that  the  men  of  Gilead  said  unto  him.  Art 
thon  an  E})hraimite  ?     If  he  said,  Nay  ; 

Then  said  they  unto  him,  Say  n>)-;;7  Shibboleth:  and 
he  said  Sibboleth :  for  he  could  not  frame  to  })ro- 
nounce  it  right.  Then  they  took  him,  and  slew  him 
at  the  passages  of  Jordan  :  and  there  fell  at  that  time 
of  the  Ei)hraimites  forty  and  two  thousand. 

And  Je})hthah  judged  Israel  six  yeai-s  :  Then  died 
Jephthah  the  Gileadite,  and  was  buried  iu  one  r^'the 
cities  of  Gilead.    (Judges  xii.  1  to  8.) 

jephtua's  dauouter. 

Then  the  Spirit  of  the  Lord  came  upon  Jci>hthah, 
and  he  passed  over  Gilead,  and  Manasseh,  and  passed 
over  Mizpeh  of  Gilead,  and  from  Mi/peh  of  Gilead 
he  passed  over  raito  the  children  of  Anunon. 

And  Jephthah  vowed  a  vow  unto  the  Lord,  and 


i^^ 


f^^'"*<: 


1J6 


said,  If  tliou  slialt  without  fail  deliver  the  children  of 
Amnion  into  mine  hands, 

Then  it  shall  be,  that  whatsoever  conieth  forth  of 
the  dooi-s  of  my  house  to  meet  me,  when  I  return  in 
jK-acc  from  the  cliildren  of  Amnion,  shall  surely  be 
the  Lord's,  and  I  will  oflfer  it  up  for  a  burnt  offering. 

So  Jephthuh  passed  over  unto  the  children  of  Am- 
nion to  liirht  against  them ;  and  the  Lord  delivered 
tliem  into  his  hands. 

And  he  smote  then  from  Aroer,  even  till  thou  come 
to  Minnith,  even  twenty  cities,  and  unto  the  plain  of 
the  viiieyards,  with  a  very  great  slaughter.  Thus  the 
children  of  Annnon  were  subdued  before  the  children 
of  Israel. 

And  Jephtluili  came  to  Mizpch  unto  his  house, 
and,  behold  his  daugliter  came  out  to  meet  him  with 
timl)rels  and  witli  dances  :  and  she  loas/iw  onlt/ child  ; 
beside  her  he  had  neither  son  nor  daughter. 

And  it  came  to  pass,  when  he  saw  lier,  that  he  rent 
liis  clothes,  and  said,  Alas,  nny  daughter  !  thou  has 
bruuglit  me  very  low,  and  tliou  art  one  of  them  tliat 
trouble  me:  for  I  have  (jpened  my  mouth  unto  the 
Ixtrd,  and  I  cannot  go  back. 

And  she  said  unto  him,  My  father,  if  thou  hast 
o])ened  thy  mouth  unto  the  Lord,  do  to  me  according 
to  that  which  iiath  pnx-eeded  out  of  thy  mouth  ;  for- 
a-suHich  as  the  Lord  hatli  taken  vengeance  for  thee  of 
ihinc  enemies,  even  of  the  children  of  Ammon. 

Aiid  she  sjiid  unto  her  father.  Let  this  thing  be 
done  for  me :  let  me  alone  two  months,  tliat  I  may  go 
uj>  ami  down  u))on  the  mountains,  and  bewail  my 
virL'initv,  I  and  mv  fellows. 


i 


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Mi 


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i 


4 


>s 


\\7/ 


IT 


m 


159 


And  lie  said,  Go.  And  he  sent  her  a.\vi\yf<>r  two 
montlis :  and  she  went  with  her  companions,  and  bo- 
wailed  her  virginity  upon, the  mountains. 

And  it  came  to  pass  at  the  end  of  two  months,  that 
she  returned  unto  her  father,  who  did  Avith  her  accord- 
ing  to  his  vow  which  he  had  vowed :  and  she  knew 
no  man.     And  it  was  a  custom  in  Israel, 

That  the  daughters  of  Israel  went  yearly  to  lament 
the  daughter  of  Jephthah  the  Gileadite  four  days  in 
a  year.     (Judges  xi.  29  to  40.) 


MT.    LEBANON,    AND   THE   BAY   FROM   WHICn    ITS    CEDAKS 
WEKE  FLOATED  TO  JOPPA  FOR  THE  TEMPLE  OF  SOLOMOX. 

The  mountain  range  known  as  Lebanon  is  in  the 
northern  part  of  Palestine,  and  runs  parallel  with 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  Lebanon  begins  at 
the  river  Litany,  two  miles  north  of  Tyre,  and  ex- 
tends one  hundred  miles  n.  e.,  terminating  at  the 
river  Nahr-el-Keber.  Between  tlie  base  of  Lebanon 
and  the  sea  is  the  long,  narrow  plain  of  Phenicia — 
the  Phoenicia  so  famed  in  ancient  history. 

The  region  of  the  famous  ccdai-s  of  Lebanon  is 
near  the  northern  end  of  the  ran<re,  and  n.  e.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Nahr-el-Kelb  (the  ancient  Lycus). 
From  the  small  bay  at  the  mouth  of  this  river  the 
cedar  timber  for  Solomon's  Temple  was  conveyed  in 
floats  to  Joppa.  Py  reference  to  the  illustration,  a 
correct  idea  of  the  situation  of  this  historic  locality 
may  be  had.  In  the  foreground  is  the  bay,  and  on 
the  right  are  the  points  which  jut  out  into  it  n.  e.  of 


■A 
£4 

A/. 

i\ 


V 


r. r. 


I 
I 


IGO 

Beirut,  wliose  every  foot  is  cultivated  or  beautified 
witL  fruit  or  sliado  trees,  with  here  and  there  a 
"•rav  wall  of  some  lujuse — the  residence  of  the  wealthy 
juerchants  of  Beirut.  The  mouth  of  the  Nahr-el- 
Kelb  is  diseovei-ed  just  beyond  the  rocky  proTiiontory 
across  the  bay.  On  the  promontory  are  inscrij>tions 
and  sculptures  engraved  by  the  conqueroi-s  of  Syria, 
from  Ki^'vpt,  Assyria,  and  Macedonia.  Above,  far 
away  in  the  distant  sky,  the  peaks  of  Lebanon  are 
scL-n  whitened  with  eternal  snows. 

The  last  relics  of  the  primeval  cedar  forests  are 
found  on  the  highest  ridges  of  the  range,  G,300  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  and  one  group  of  cedai-s  is 
close  under  the  highest  dome  of  the  mountains,  which 
is  called  Thor-el-Chodib,  and  is  10,200  feet  high. 
There  are  only  a  few  of  the  original  patriarchs  left  in 
the  midst  of  about  400  smaller  trees.  The  largest 
measure  4S,  40,  33^,  and  20  feet  in  circumference. 

There  is  another  grove  near  Ain-Zehateh,  on  the 
road  from  Beirut  to  Damascus;  and  Professor Ehren- 
Inirg  found  the  cedar  growing  tpiite  abundantly  <jn 
those  i»arts  of  the  mountain  north  of  the  road  from 
Baalbek. 

Hundreds  of  villages  are  scattered  along  the  sides 
of  Lebanon,  some  of  them  built  amid  labyrinths  of 
rocks — and  on  tlie  sides  of  steep  cliffs.  Every  avail- 
able spot  is  cultivated,  producing  figs,  grapes,  and 
olives  in  abundance. 

The  ruins  of  ancient  temples  have  been  discovered 
in  various  parts  of  Lebanon  ;  some  of  them  high  up 
the;  mountain,  where  it  must  have  been  very  dillicult 
to  build — all  exhibiting  a  style  of  architecture  similar 


M 


n-J^ 


-^ 


M 


U 


to  the  rem<arkable  structures  of  Baalbek.  The  luiiis 
of  one  of  these  temples  are  visible  from  Beirut,  it 
was  built  of  immense  hewn  stone  without  c6ment,  aii<l 
with  large  columns  in  front.  It  is  now  little  more 
than  a  heap  of  ruins. 

Burkhardt  found   the  ruins  of  four  other  similar 
temples  on  different  parts  of  the  mountain. 


JOPPA 

is  on  the  coast,  and  35  miles  n.w.  of  Jerusalem. 
In  the  distribution  of  the  land  by  Joshua  it  was  civcn 
to  Dan,  and  has  been  known  to  history  ever  siiu;e." 
The  city  is  situated  on  a  promontory  which  rises  to 
the  hight  of  150  feet,  is  crowned  with  a  fortress,  and 
presents  views  of  historic  interest  in  every  direction. 
Towards  the  north  Sharon  and  Carmel  are  seen.  To 
the  south  the  plains  of  Philistia.  To  the  east  the  hills 
of  Ephraim  and  Judea  raise  their  towei'ing  heads,  and 
to  the  west  is  extended  the  Mediterranean.  The  city 
is  walled  around  on  the  south  and  east  towards  the 
land,  and  partially  so  on  the  north  side,  towards  the 
sea.  The  site  is  very  steep,  so  that,  viewed  from 
several  points,  the  buildings  have  the  appearance  of 
standing  on  one  another.  The  present  populatitm  of 
the  city  is  15,000.  With  the  exception  of  Ca?sarca 
this  was  the  only  harbor  possessed  by  the  ancient 
Jews,  and  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  the  seaport  of  Je- 
rusalem The  harbor  is  formed  by  a  low  ledge  of 
*  About  1443  B.C. 


I 


I 


A,' 
t 


1 


\r 


m 


rocks  whioli  extend  from  tlie  promontory  into  the  sea, 
and  is  ehoul  and  insecure. 

The  cedar  timber  from  Lebanon  and  materials 
from  Tyre  for  Solomon's  Temjjle  were  landed  here, 
and  with  the  insecnrity  of  the  harbor,  and  the  hi^qht 
of  tlie  cliffs  where  they  were  landed,  the  nndertiiking 
must  have  been  both  hazardous  and  laborious. 


nEBRON. 

ITS     ECs'GULAR     M0?QUi: .-VJND     IMrOUTANT     RELICS     OF 

ANTIQUITY — ITS   FANATICAL   PEOPLE. 

Hebron  is  IG  miles  s.s.e,  of  Jerusalem,  and  is  beauti- 
fully situated  among  the  mountains,  in  a  valley  run- 
ning from  north  to  south.  Hebron  is  one  of  the  very 
oldest  cities  in  the  world  still  existing — being  a  well- 
known  to^^^l  when  Al»raham  entered  Canaan,  3783 
yeai-s  ago.  Its  original  name  was  Kirjath  Arba,  and 
was  sometimes  called  Mamre.  This  city  was  the  favor- 
ite residence  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  and  the 
scene  of  some  of  the  most  striking  events  in  their 
lives.  Upon  the  death  of  his  wife,  Sarah,  Abraham 
bought  from  Ei>hron  the  Hittite  the  field  and  cave  of 
Maclipelah,  to  serve  as  a  family  tomb. 

Hebron  was  taken  by  Joshua  from  the  Canaanites, 
and  was  afterwards  assigned  to  the  Levites  and  made 
a  city  of  refuge.  Here  David  dwelt  during  the  seven 
and  a  half  years  of  his  reign  over  Judali.  It  was 
also  here  that  Absalom  raised  the  stauilurd  of  revolt 
ajrainst  his  father. 

A  short  time  before  the  cai)ture  of  Jerusalem,  tliie 


m 


'ir  c" 


Myj!bk,^ 


a;".;: 


§11 


■*'*«^ 


iff  'iJliviiiOi 


I  ";,'.«(.. 


aiS!" 


\ 


i'  >'"'•''' \)iiai:i4riii,;.tfi; 


^^^gsn^--.^ 


1G7 

city  M-as  hnvncd  l.j  an  oniccr  of  Vespasian  ;  aii.l 
about  the  boo-inning  of  the  12th  centuiy  it  was  Uikvn 
by  the  cnisa(U-rs.  In  1187  it  reverted  to  the  .AIos- 
Iciiis,  and  lias  since  remained  in  their  liands. 

At  present  Hebron  is  an  unwalled  city,  eontainin^r 
nine  mosl-:?  and  two  synago-ncs.  The  streets  aiv 
narrow,  and  tlic  houses  arc  built  of  stone  with  flat 
roofs,  surmounted  by  domes.  The  mannfactt.i-ies  (»f 
glass  ai-e  in  the  narrow,  dark  lanes  near  the  north 
part  of  the  city.  The  principal  articles  ma<le  are 
himps,  and  rings  of  colored  glass,  the  latter  w..)-n  by 
women  on  their  arms  and  lingers  as  onuinients. 
Large  crates  of  these  articles  may  be  seen  standing 
in  the  streets  ready  to  be  loaded  on  camels  for  tvnus- 
])ortation  to  Egypt  and  various  parts  of  ralcstine. 

The  environs  of  the  city  are  very  fertile,  furnish- 
ing the  finest  vineyards  in  Palestine  ;  also  numerous 
plantations  of. olive-trees,  and  excellent  pasturage. 

The  population  is  now  about  5,000,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants ai-c  the  wildest,  most  lawless,  and  desperate 
people  in  the  Holy  Land  ;  and  it  is  a  singular  fact  that 
they  now  sustain  the  same  mutinous  character  as  lUd 
the  rebels  of  ancient  times,  Avho  armed  with  David 
against  Saul,  and  united  with  Absah)m  against  David. 
Among  the  remains  of  antiquity  are  those  of  tw.) 
stone  i-eservoirs;  the  largest  being  133  feet  square 
and  21  feet  deep.  They  are  still  in  daily  use,  and 
one  of  them  tradition  says  was  the  "  pool  in  Hebron" 
above  which  David  hung  the  assassins  of  Ishbosheth. 
But  by  far  the  most  ancient  relic  here  is  the  cave  of 
J\Iachpel ah— Abraham's  family  tomb,  and  the  burial- 
place  of  the  Patriarchs.     It  bears  evidence  of  great 


;  I 


¥= 


W    \> 


J} — 


^^^s=.^--.f^^^ 


M 


I 


7 ', 


16» 


ftntiqnity  ;  and  both  tradition  and  the  best  authorities 
concur  in  locating  the  cave  of  Miichpelah  here.  It  is 
covered  by  a  Mosk — a  hiri^e  and  sini;nlar  structure, 
witli  lofty  minarets  at  the  corners.  The  exterior  build- 
in"'  is  lariro  and  loftv,  and  is  in  (lie  form  of  a  ixiralk'lo- 
gram  200  feet  in  length  by  115  feet  in  width.  The 
walls  arc  built  of  very  large  stones,  beveled  and 
finished  similar  in  all  respects  to  the  most  ancient 
parts  of  the  temple  enclosure  at  Jerusalem  ;  indi- 
cating the  high  antiquity  of  the  structure,  and  that 
it  was  built  by  the  same  jx'oj^Ie,  and  the  same  class 
of  builders  as  the  tem})le  of  Solomon. 

No  Christian  is  allowed  to  enter  this  building  ;  but 
at  the  left  of  the  principal  entrance  of  the  Ilaram  is 
a  small  hole  in  the  massive  wall  through  which  the 
Jews  are  permitted  at  certain  times  to  look  into  the 
interior,  and  hcie  they  may  be  seen  wailing  and  lead- 
ing prayere. 

The  Mohammedans  of  Ilcln-on  are  very  bigoted, 
and  jealous  of  strangei-s,  especially  Jews.  A  few 
yeai-s  since  a  couple  of  travelei*s — a  Jew  and  a  Chris- 
tian— stopi)cd  for  a  moment  to  look  up  at  the  marble 
6taii-8  leadirg  to  the  tomb  of  Abraham,  when  imme- 
diately a  crowd  came  out  of  the  bazai-s,  and  with 
threats  and  lierce  gesticidations  di-ove  them  away. 

Another  very  interesting  relic  is  found  up  the 
valley,  about  a  mile  from  the  town.  It  is  an  im- 
mense oak  tree,  one  of  the  largest  in  Palestine,  as  its 
blanches  extend  over  a  space  of  neaily  a  hundred 
feet  in  diameter.  This  is  believed  by  some  to  be  the 
veritable  oak  under  which  Abraliam  pitched  hia  tent 
— it  still  beare  his  name. 


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PALIVTYRA. 

ANCIENT    TADMOR. 

Tliis  cily  was  foiiTided  by  king  Solomon  abont  905 
B.C.,  and  is  245  miles  n.k  of  Jerusalem,  in  lat.  34"1S', 
and  3S''13'  e.  Ion.  from  Greenwich.  It  is  situated  on 
the  borders  of  the  Arabian  desert,  in  tlic  midst  of  u 
dreary  wilderness,  remote  from  Iniman  habltjition. 
Tadmor  was  about  10  miles  in  circumference,  and  tlie 
ruins  show  that  it  once  contained  some  of  the  most 
splendid  edifices  of  antiquity. 

To  facilitate  trade  and  commerce,  king  Solomon 
built  store  cities  along  the  great  trade  routes  through 
his  dominions,  in  M'hicli  provisions  and  other  sui)])lie3 
for  caravans  and  travelers  were  collected.  Tadmor 
was  one  of  those  store  cities. 

"  And  Solomon  went  to  Ilamath  Zobah,  and  prevail- 
ed against  it. 

"  And  he  built  Tadmor  in  the  wilderness,  and  all 
the  store  cities,  which  he  built  in  Ilamath." — (2 
Chron.  viii.) 

Its  original  name  was  preserved  till  the  time  of 
Alexander,  who  extended  his  conquest  to  this  city, 
and  changed  its  name  to  Palmyra. 

In  A.D.  211,  it  become  a  Roman  colony  under  Cai*a- 
calla.  Subsequently,  in  the  reign  of  Gallienus,  the 
Roman  Senate  invested  Oleanthus — a  senator  of  Pal- 
myra— with  the  regal  dignity,  on  account  of  his  ser- 
vices in  defeating  Sapor,  king  of  Persia.  On  the 
assassination  of  Oleanthus,  his  celebrated  wife,  ZeiK> 
bia,  conceived  the  desicjn  of  erecting  Palmvra  into 


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an  iiiclcpcndcnt  monarchy  ;  and  in  the  prosecution  of 
this  object,  she  for  a  while  successfully  resisted  the 
Konian  arunes,  hut  was  at  leni:;fh  defeated  and  taken 
captive  hy  the  Einitcior  Ainvlian  (.v.n,  273),  who  left 
a  lionian  j^^^rrison  in  Palinyra,  This  p^arrison  was 
massacred  in  a  revolt,  and  Aurelian  j)unished  the 
eitv  l»y  the  execution  not  only  of  those  who  were 
taken  in  arms,  but  likewise  common  ])eusants,  old 
men,  women,  and  children.  From  this  blow  the  city 
never  recovered. 

The  present  appearance  of  Palmyra  is  indeed  most 
striking.  An  awful  stillness  pervades  the  ruins; 
they  stand  as  lonely  and  silent  as  when  the  last  Pal- 
myrenes  left  their  city  forever.  The  long  lines  of 
Corinthian  colunms,  seen  at  a  distance,  are  peculiarly 
imposing,  and  seem  like  sentinels  guarding  the  tomb 
of  the  dead  city. 

The  ])rincii)al  ruins  arc:  the  great  Tem})lc,  the 
Temple  of  the  Sun,  the  great  Colonnade,  supposed  to 
have  consisted  of  lo<>0  cohnnns,  and  (he  Necropolis. 

In  the  space  around  the  ruins,  sometimes  a  palace 
is  found,  of  which  nothing  remains  but  the  court  and 
walls;  sometimes  a  temi)lc  whose  peristyle  is  half 
thrown  down  ;  then  a  jHjrtico,  a  gallery,  and  a  trium- 
]ihal  arch.  ^0'".^  J^i"'*""*^!  hi  every  direction  are 
vjist  stones,  half  bui-ied,  with  broken  entablatures, 
nmtilated  fric/.es,  distigurcd  ivlicfs,  violated  tond>s, 
and  altai-s  detiled  by  dust.  The  grand  old  ruins  of 
the  ancient  city  contrast  strangely  with  the  Tadmor  of 
the  present  day — mud  huts  inhabited  by  Arabs. 

The  Necropolis  of  Palmyra  lies  a  short  distance 
.V.  w.  of  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  in  the  side  of  a  rav- 


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me.  TIic  tombs  are  very  nmncrous  aiul  of  t^lwruhu 
form,  bem-  toux>rs  of  fr<„n  tu-.,  to  live  Bturios  hi-H. 
One,  thctombof  Jamblichiis,  brnlt  in  a  »  .3  issTill 
recon^ni^^able,  but  very  much  dilapidated,  its  staiis 
cnimblcd  avvay,  and  the  top  story  ^r^mo.  An  ins.-rin- 
tion  m  Iionor  of  the  deecased  is  cnirraved  on  a  tab- 
let over  the  door-way.  The  tomb  of  Mm.aius  is  cne 
of  the  most  curious  structures  found  liei-e.  It  i.s  a 
lofty  tower,  fifteen  feet  square,  tlic  principal  apart- 
ment of  Avhich  is  ornamented  with  four  Ccriutbian 
pihisters,  one  on  each  side,  with  recesses  between 
them  for  mummies.  Eacli  recess  is  divided  into  live 
tiei-s  by  shelves,  only  one  of  which  remains  in  pcsitien. 
^  There  was  formerly  a  lar-e  number  of  nuunmies 
m  these  sepulchres,  but  the  Arabs  have  carried  them 
away  and  desti-oyed  them  iu  hopes  of  discovei-in- 
treasure.  ° 

Some  of  the  sculptures,  now  remaining  in  their 
orioinal  position  in  tlie  palaces  and  tombs  in  Palmyra, 
are  models  of  decoi-ativc  art.  These  works  indirato 
a  period  of  high  art  cultm-e,  when  architecture,  si-nli>- 
ture,  and  painting  were  empk)yed  to  a  great  extent 
in  public  buildings,  for  both  ornamentation  and  re- 
ligious purposes.  The  solidity  of  the  walls,  and  the 
excellence  of  the  workmanship,  of  columns,  cornices, 
and  sculptures,  and  the  completeness  of  the  designs  of 
the  several  structui'cs,  are  marks  of  great  wcalJi  and 
tine  taste. 


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174 


r,AALiu:K. 

TllK  CRAXDErB   AND   DKAITV    OF     ITS    IILINS— KINO    ^oL- 

l;:-.:i.i.r:.  is  105  luilcs  X.  N.  i~  of  JtM-usaloni,  OH  tllC 
fV>)»cii  cif  Anti-Ix'l):\noM,  at  the  oiKiuing  iA   a  siimll 

I'V  into  the  \Aiu\\  El  IJukii. 
in  extent  linulbek  w:i3  inferior  to  niuny  Eastern 
cities;  but  in  the  size  and  ma-^nitiecnec  of  its  juihlic 
cditiecs,  and  the  immense  size  of  many  of  the  stones 
ulth  which  they  were  built,  this  ancient  city  was  with- 
o.it  a  rival. 

i'hc  ijmnd  ruins  of  Baalbek  stand  at  the  western 
cxti-emitv  of  the  town,  and  just  within  the  nxKlern 
w:iU.     There  are  three  ordci-s  of  architecture,  e\  ideiit- 

l)elon<'in«'  to  as  manv  distinct  cnxs.  Fii-st,  the 
bliil>cndous  walls  and  platforms,  built  <»f  hewn  stones 
■  T  enormous  size,  and  travei-scd  by  vaulted  i»;issai^e6 

ovei-.d  dii-cetions ;  secondly,  two  very  l.u:;e  tcm- 
j.ics,  of  ft  later  date,  surmountini^  the  i>latforms; 
tlni\lly,  the  modern  or  Sameenic  walls  and  towei-s,  in- 
cor|>omted  with  the  orii^inalstructui-es  when  the  |»laec 
w:xs  converted  into  a  fortress.  The  modern  additions 
ni-c  odilly  built  up  t»f  cornices,  architraves,  and  pillars, 
and  incongruously  contnist  with  the  venemblo  relics 
which  they  encumber  and  obscure. 

The  site  of  the  ruins  is  nearly  ft  dead  level,  on 
which  h:is  been  reared  a  platform  1000  feet  long,  COO 
bixjftd,  and  varying  from  15  to  30  feet  in  hight.  This 
platform  is  comixised  of  huge  cut  stones,  three  of 


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v\l>ioh  niv  8iv>  lur^t*  \\vM  it  stHMus  imMwliMo  that  il.>  \ 

^v>uUl    h;\\o   Ihvii    ^mHrriovl,    niul  luxMii^ht    1 

;uaiTV — {\  luilo  vlisijuit  — ^uwl  i>l!KV*l  in   |h>- 
tivt   aUno  tho  IvMMulatioul  l»y  nuy  liuiimii  ni;;v'iu'Y. 
^  hio  o(  tlu\>»o  stvuios  moasiuvs  0 1  ft.  8  lnrlK«s  iii  lou:;tli, 
li»  t\vt  in  wiillh, !V\k1  li  foot  tUiok;  llio  otUoi's  Uo  not 
\;n\v  nuK'h  fi\Mn  it  in  j^ixo,     \\\  tlio  »|niuTy  i:»  iUK»tlior 

v^t'   tho!iO  liJVrtt  stvMios  tinishovl,  iwuly  to  In ', 

whioh  isi  iUM\vt  lon»i\  IT  wiUo,  14  lluv'k,n»ul  v 
ivMvoiii'h  lir>^tou!v.     Many  other  stouo*  in  liio  plut- 
tvM  ni  !uv  fixMW  i.\^  to  oO  tWt  lo\»ij,  or  noarlv  half  the 
>-«iA^  of  tho  ahovo.     Tho^o  !>tono*  jviv  cut  with  tho 
l>ovoh\l  iHljit>  oxaotly  like  tho  stone*  in  tho  fo\ui- 
vlullon  walU  of  the  Toniplo  enoK^njv  at  .Tv         ' 
t!\Mn  whioh  it  wvnUl  appoar  that  lK»:h  jitrnoi. 
jhewvrkt.^*  tho  jSiune  jH.vpK\  ami  tho  Siuno  class  i^t 
UniUoj'*,     Amoni*  the  oitio*  montioiKnl  in  *'      ^"'i 
vhapior  of  Oh»vnioU>ji,  as  hoinjx  hniU  hy  K:       "^ 

»n,  i*  l^u\h\th,  i«  Li>lvi»\»ou,    Tho  sinuhu'ity  ol  uan»v>s 
..ml  5iitnatiou  very  oloarly  iiUMitilu^s  it  with   1' 
.Kviioj»hn*  aW>  nuMUion*  li^uUaih  a*  one  v>f  t       , 
v^f  |Uea!!imv  Inult  by  Sixlonuui  iu  Syhj^  oi\  aixxnmt  ol 
ir^  tenjiH-n^to  ciimato  aiul  water,  and  the  Joliouoy  x.d 
i:s  finite 

r  -v^    .Vn^lvs  v>f  tlio  |M\\<».nit  ilay  WUovt)  that  tho 
\'unvlor  of  Raalhok  waji  a  i^ival  tna^ioiau.n-  '  ! 

A-s^*   hn*i\»  5»lrnotn»\N^   hy    tho   is»wor  of   v 
\vvu\l^  and  that  if  tho  fanion*  Seal  of  5>i»KMni»u  cxuilvl 
'  v<  fvMnul,  tho  !«une  ^nnvor  v      '  '        v  K*  n>\\l. 

The  prinoi|\vl   rnin^i  oi  ^   a»o    tho    gnwt 

roaipK\  a«vl  tho  Toinplo  i^f  tho  Snn.    Tho  ni.i  > 
\\aU*<ixf  tho  tomj^UN*  and  tho  eneWn»\^  i\vrro>iK^»d 


■r 


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V? 


to  the  four  cardinal  points  of   the  compass.      TIic 
main  entrance  fionts  the  cast,  and  was  funneily  ap- 
proached by  a  grand  staircase,  leadin<j^  to  a  portico       j 
flanked  by  handsome  pavilions  on  the  rij^ht  and  left. 

To  the  westward  of  this  is  a  hexai^onal  court  ISO 
feet  in  diameter,  strewn  with  colunms,  mutilated 
capitals,  and  the  remains  of  pilastei-s,  entablatm-cs, 
and  c(»i-nices  ;  around  it  is  a  row  of  ruined  edifices 
which  lifty  ycai-s  ago  displayed  all  the  ornaments  of 
the  richest  architecture — but  they  are  now  very  much 
weather-worn  and  bi-oken.  Further  to  tlic  west  is  a 
quadrangular  court  '3o0  feet  wide  by  33G  in  lengtli. 
At  one  end  of  this  court  arc  six  enormous  and 
majestic  colunms — the  ghjry  of  Baalbek,  and  neaily 
all  that  is  left  of  the  temple  dedicated  to  the  "Great 
God  of  IIelio})olis"  (Daal).  Tliey  arc  the  jirincipal 
objects  in  every  view  of  the  ruins.  The  shafts  of 
these  colunms  arc  21  feet  S  inches  in  circumfcj-ence, 
and  50  feet  high,  which  with  b;isc  and  entablature 
gives  the  hight  from  the  ground  to  the  toj)  of  the 
pediment,  120  feet.  The  length  of  this  edilice  was 
202  feet  by  IGO  in  width.  In  1751  there  were  nine 
of  the  colunms  standing  ;  but  three  have  since  fallen. 

In  the  modern  wall  arc  found  several  bases,  and 
other  fiagments  of  the  fallen  colunms. 

Flanking  the  court  of  the  great  temj)le  are  the 
ruins  of  several  smaller  structures,  forming  a  sort  of 
galleiy  with  chaml)Ci-s,  several  of  which  ai'c  traced 
in  each  of  the  princijial  wings.  These  (•1kuii])C'is  wcie 
<lcc<^iatcd  with  most  beautifully  sculptuivd  niches 
and  jtcdiments,  friezes,  and  cornices.  The  beauty  of 
6<»me  of  the  friezes  is  beyond  all  jiraise.     A  bold  cor- 


U       ^ 


THE  GREAT  TEMP1.B  AT  BAALBEK. 


TEMPLE  OF  Tllli  SUN,    AT   BAALBEK. 


^^^^s^?ss^^^ 


%5 


177 


m 


nice  all  alono^  the  ^vall  gives  a  fine  effect  to  tlie  \v!i..ln 
by  fonuiiig  alternately  a  semicircle  and  jioinlcd  pedi- 
ment over  each  recess.  I'^ragments  of  the  coliniins 
that  formed  the  front  of  these  chambers  are  of  beau- 
tiful granite. 

Various  are  the  conjectures  as  to  the  use  of  tlieso 
apartments:  AYerc  they  chapels  or  shrines  f<.r  flu; 
M-orship  of  snhordinate  deities? — or  recesses  for  the 
philoPoi)hers  to  sit  and  lecture  in?— or  was  the  irreat 
court  a  forum,  and  these  places  intended  for  the  con- 
venience of  merchants  or  civil  functionaries? 

The  Temi)le  of  the  Sun  stands  south  of  the  great 
temple,  and  the  platform  on  which  it  stands  adjoins 
the  great  one,  but  is  considerably  lower.  The  Temple 
of  the  Sun  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  monuments  r)f 
its  kind  in  Baalbek,  if  not  in  the  whole  world.  Its 
dimensions  are  192  feet  in  length  by  9G  in  Avidth. 
It  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  peristyle  of  Corin- 
thian columns,  the  shafts  alone  of  which  were  45 
feet  high  and  5  feet  in  diameter.  They  each  con- 
sisted of  three  pieces  of  stone  so  admirably  fitted 
together  that  not  space  enough  can  he  found  between 
them  to  admit  the  point  of  a  penknife.  The  north 
and  south  sides  were  each  ornamented  by  fourteen  of 
these  magnificent  pillars — of  which  nine  on  the  north 
and  five  on  the  south  are  still  standing.  At  the  west 
end  were  eight,  of  which  the  three  most  southerly  arc 
perfect — the  others  broken  or  j^rostrate. 

The  frieze  and  cornice  are  elegant  and  complete. 
The  S(»fHt  of  the  peristyle  is  concave,  and  the  jianels 
are  sculptured  in  imitation  of  network,  a  sei-ics  of 
largo  busts  and  mythological  designs  running  down 


k 
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<«*  /: 


1 


178 

the  centre — each  in  tlio  middle  of  a  lar^^e  diamond, 
and  enialler  busts  oct-upviiif^  the  ambles  formed  by 
the  interhic'ini^  compartments — a  nK)St  intricate  and 
indescribable  desifj^n,  but  very  beautiful. 

The  portico  consisted  of  two  rows  of  columns,  of 
which  only  four  remain  perfect.  The  frieze  and 
corni<;e  above  these  four  columns  are  in  the  same  ex- 
cellent style  and  finish.  A  battlemented  tower  has 
been  built  over  them  by  the  Sai'accns,  who  have  bar- 
barously raised  a  huge  wall  directly  in  front  of  the 
gate  of  the  temple.  The  M'idth  of  this  portico  is  22 
feet ;  it  is  composed  of  nine  stones,  six  formins:  the 
sides  and  three  the  top;  the  key-stone  has  slipped 
partly  through,  and  hangs  ominously  overhead.  The 
injui-ies  the  tcmi»lc  has  sustained  have  most  of  them 
resulted  from  barbarian  violence ;  the  colunms  es- 
pecially have  been  destroyed  for  the  sake  of  the  iron 
bai-s  by  which  they  Nvere  held  together.  But  the 
tottering  condition  of  the  beautiful  portal  was  pr(v 
duced  by  a  concussion  more  destructive  than  even  the 
nmtilatini]'  hand  of  the  Mohannnedan — the  ffreat 
earthrpiake  of  1750. 

About  450  feet  from  the  south-east  angle  of  the 
Temple  of  the  Sun  is  a  beautiful  little  Corinthian 
temple — circular,  and  jncrccd  externally  with  niches 
each  flanked  by  two  columns,  so  as  to  give  the  struc- 
ture the  appearance  of  an  octagon.  Earthquakes 
have  sadly  shaken  this  little  edifice,  so  that  now  only 
four  ]iillai-s  are  standing.  Beneath  the  great  plat- 
form on  Avhich  the  two  tcmjiles  stand  are  sjiacious 
vaulted  passages  of  very  massive  architecture,  and 
Bolidly  constructed.     Two  of  them  rim  parallel  with 


i-'; 


^ 


-^ 


oncli  otlicr  from  cast  to  M'cst,  and  aro  connected  l)y  a 
third  nimiini^  at  riyht  angles  to  them  from  north  to 
south.  Tliej  are  now  nsed  as  storehouses  and  grana- 
ries. HcneaththcTemj^lc  of  the  Smi  there  are  sid)- 
tci-ranean  chambers,  Avith  fliglits  of  steps  leading 
down  to  them  from  the  interior  of  the  temjde ;  tlu-v 
arc  lighted  from  above,  and  by  openings  in  the  hide 
of  the  platform,  \yhat  the  original  destination  of  /-.  ;. 
these  chambers  was,  it  is  now  impossible  to  tell;  but  iC> 
the  Ai-abs,  who  ascribe  the  whole  structure  to  the 
great  magician  King  Solomon,  and  the  Djins  who 
wrought  his  behests,  imagine  them  to  be  deposi- 
tories for  treasure.  Indeed,  it  is  the  universal  belief 
among  the  Turks  and  Arabs,  that  cveiy  great  mass 
of  ruins  covers  mighty  heaps  of  treasure;  nor  can 
they  be  persuaded  that  travelers  visit  them  for  anv 
other  pui-pose  than  that  of  cai'i-ying  away  the  spoils. 

At  a  short  distance  west  of  the  great  ruins  stand 
eight  stumpy  columns  of  Egyptian  granite,  highlv 
polished,  and  for  tlie  most  part  without  a  scratcii  on 
them.  One  of  these  columns  is  distiiiifuished  from 
the  rest  by  its  green  quartz.  These  columns  are  true 
Egyptian  granite,  and  as  no  such  rock  is  found  anv-  ,  ,_  . 
where  in  Syria,  the  query  is  suggested — how  could  i^/ 
pillars  fifteen  feet  long  and  three  feet  in  diameter  be 
brought  over  Mt.  Lebanon,  which  is  difhcult  for 
travelers  to  cross,  even  unencund)cred  ?  ^.n 

Baalbek  is  now  a  wretched  Syrian  village,  witli  a       f^Sfi 
population  of  less  than  200 ;  and  the  day  is  not  far 
distant  when  the  jackal   and    b.ycna  will   be   undis- 
puted masters  of  this  once  splendid  citj. 


-Cr 


r      -^ 


■^w 


v«^ 


« 


'I 

h 


mi 


¥ 


* 


ISO 


IIAMATII. 
oxE  OF  Kixo  Solomon's  store  cities. 

llaiiiath  is  a  vcrv  ancient  city ;  and  was  the  princi- 
pal city  of  njipcr  Syiia  at  the  time  of  the  exodus  (u.o. 
1101).  This  city,  like  Jerusalem  and  Dainasni-;,  has 
retained  considciable  importance  from  the  very  earli- 
est times  to  the  present  day. 

It  is  250  miles  N.  N.  e.  of  Jerusalem,  and  is  si- 
tuated in  the  valley  of  the  Orontes,  about  half  way 
between  its  source,  wqw:  Baalheh  and  the  bend  which 
it  makes  at  Jisr  Iladid.  A  part  of  the  valley  of  the 
Orontes  at  one  time  constituted  the  kingdom  of 
Ilamath. 

Klnfj  Solomon  tooJc  the  Jdngdom  of  ITamath,  and 
made  the  c'ltij  a  dejwt  for  stores  and  suj^jylles.  die 
also  hailt  other  store  cities  in  the  district. 

The  govei-nment  of  Ilamath  includes  about  120 
inhal)ited  villages,  and  75  that  have  been  abandom.Ml, 
comprising  most  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Ilamath. 
The  city  now,  as  of  old,  stande  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  which  is  sjianned  by  four  bridges.  The  upper 
part  of  the  city  is  supplied  with  water  fi'om  the  i-iver 
by  means  of  immense  water  wheels,  in  the  rim  of 
which  buckets  are  so  arranged  as  to  empty  tliemscl\e> 
into  stone  aqueducts,  which  conduct  the  water  to 
the  houses  and  gai'dens.  There  are  about  a  do/.en  of 
these  wheels,  the  largest  being  nearly  70  feet  in 
diameter.  Extensive  ruins  of  the  ancient  i)arts  of 
the  city  arc  found  scattered  about  here,  but  so  nnich 
decayed  as  to  be  scarcely  recognizable.     The  chief 


^u-^ 


^Xj 


I 


m 


trade  of  Hamath  is  with  the  Arabs,  who  huy  hero 
their  tent  furniture  and  clothes;  there  is  also  a  v.nn- 
siderable  trade  in  cotton,  woolen,  and  silk.  The 
present  population  is  30,000. 

GEBAL. 

ITS   STONE   8QUARER3.  f,   ,. 

Tliis  was  a  very  ancient  seaport  of  Plicnicia  20 
miles  N.  of  Beirut,  and  182  miles  from  Jerusalem,  via 
Joppa  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Gebal  was  situated  on  a  spnr  of  Lebanon,  close  to 
the  shore,  and  had  a  fine  harbor,  but  which  is  now 
filled  with  sand,  ruins  of  quays,  and  buildings. 

The  inhabitants  were  called  Giblites— "  stone- 
squarers."  Hewers  of  stone  from  Gehal  were  ein. 
ployed  on  Solomon^s  Temple. 

The  ruins  consist  of  the  remains  of  a  castle  and 
extensive  walls,  and  of  beautiful  columns.  The  ruins 
of  the  castle  exhibit  some  of  the  best  specimens  of 
ancient  masonry  to  be  found  in  Palestine.  The  stones 
in  its  walls  are  beveled,  and  some  of  them  are  20  feet 
in  length.  The  style  of  the  columns,  and  the  extent 
of  the  walls,  indicate  the  size  and  importance  of  the 
city. 

BEEROTH. 

PRIVATE  MARKS   OF   THE   BUILDERS. 

Beeroth  is  ten  miles  from  Jerusalem,  on  the  great     '  -^ 
road  to  Shechem  (Nabulus). 


:-( 


A  delegation  of  the  iuliabitants  of  tins  city — 
ivirjath-jt-anni,  Cliephirah,  and  Gibeun — by  resorting 
tu  the  stratagem  of  wearing  old  tattered  garment.^ 
and  representing  tlieniselves  as  having  traveled  from 
a  far  country,  dehuled  Joshua  into  a  treaty  of  i>eace 
with  them.  Ueeroth  is  again  mentioned  in  connec- 
tion with  Kirjath-jearim  and  Chephirah,  in  the  list  of 
those  who  returned  from  I>abylon.  The  murderera 
of  Ishboshetli  belonged  to  this  city. 

The  modern  town  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  ridge,  and 
contains  about  70U  inhabitants.  Ruins  of  considerable 
extent  are  found  here,  the  stones  having  the  Jewish 
bevel — the  same  as  those  in  the  foundations  of  Solo- 
mon's Temple  at  Jerusalem ;  and  on  one  of  the 
stones  was  found  a  group  of  the  pi'ivate  marks  of 
the  builders. 


-f '.: 


VV 


KiPc^jATn-jEAr.nr. 

Tliis  city  is  first  mentioned  as  one  of  the  four  cities 
of  the  Gibeonites,  and  is  9  miles  n.  w.  of  Jerusalem, 
on  the  road  from  Jerusalem  to  JafTa.  Near  Kirjatli- 
jcarim  the  band  of  Danites  pitched  their  camp  be- 
fore their  expedition  to  Mount  Ephraim  and  Laish, 
leaving  their  name  attached  to  the  spot  long  after- 
wards. One  of  tlie  first  names  it  bore  M'as  that  of 
the  Canaan ite  deity,  Baal ;  and  it  was  doubtless  the 
sanctity  implied  by  its  bearing  that  name  that  in- 
duced the  j)eople  of  Beth  Shemoth  to  appeal  to  its  in- 
habitants to   relieve  tliem  of  the  Ark  of  Jehovah, 


,'S^^ 


'^j 


^<''"^-^V^^^^^^. 


KIBJATH-JEAIUM. 


EPHESUS. 


.■!.'iran:n' 


I 


I 


^m. 


which  was  brinp;!!!^  such  caliiiiiitics  on  their  untutored 
experience.  The  Ark  remained  in  the  house  of  Ahi- 
nadab,  at  Kirjath-jearini,  20  years;  at  the  end  of  thi.s 
time  it  was  removed  by  David  a  short  distance  to  the 
house  of  Obed-edom,  wliere  it  remained  until  it»  re- 
moval to  Jerusalem.  There  arc  but  few  of  the  ruins 
of  this  ancient  city  remaining,  but  those  of  the  largest 
buildings  indicate  that  they  were  built  by  the  same 
class  of  men  who  erected  the  Temple  of  Scjlomon,  as 
the  stones  have  the  same  bevel  and  finish  as  those  in 
the  foundations  of  the  Temple.  On  one  of  them  was 
found  a  group  of  the  private  marks  of  the  buildei"s. 

The  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  village  of  Kuryet- 
el-Enab,  usually  known  as  Abu  Gosh,  from  the  noted 
robber  chief  whose  headquarters  it  used,  to  be. 


SAMARIA, 

ITS     BEAUTrFUL     SITUATION     AND      GREAT     STRENGTEI — 
TUE    TOMB   AND   CHDECII    OF    ST.   JO  UN. 

Samariais40niilesN,byw.  of  Jerusalem,  and  0  mile- 
N.w.  of  Shechem.  Its  situation  is  strong  by  nature,  and 
very  beautiful.  It  stands  on  a  large  hill,  surrounded 
by  a  broad  deep  valley,  which  is  enclosed  by  four 
hills — one  on  each  side  ;  which  are  cultivated  in  ter- 
races to  the  top,  sown  with  grain  and  planted  with  tig 
and  olive  trees,  as  is  also  the  valley. 

The  hill  on  which  the  ancient  city  was  built, 
was  chosen  by  Omri  as  the  site  of  the  capital  of 
the  kinjrdom  of  Israel.  "  He  bought  the  hill  of 
Samaria  of  Shemer  for  two  talents  of  siher,  and 
12 


m 
I 

fi 
I 

lit.*- " 


.1/'./ 


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100 

built  on  the  hill,  and  called  tlie  name  of  the  city 
whieli  he  built,  after  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the 
hill,  Samaria." 

This  city  was  highly  adorned  with  public  buildings, 
and  became  the  favorite  residence  of  the  kings  of 
Israel  instead  of  Shechem  and  Thirzuh,  the  former 
capitals.  Ahab  built  here  a  palace  of  ivory,  and  a 
temple  to  Baal — which  Jehu  destroyed.  The  natural 
strength  of  the  position,  and  its  strong  fortitications, 
rendered  it  nearly  impregnable  against  the  then  sys- 
tem of  warfare.  The  Syrians  twice  invaded  it  ;  the 
first  time  B.C.  901,  and  again  b.  c.  892,  but  were  both 
times  repulsed,  b.  c.  7'2-i:,  it  M-as  attacked  l»y  the 
powerful  Shalinanoser,  king  of  Assyria ;  but  he  did 
not  succeed  in  takiuir  it  until  after  a  sie<re  of  three 
yeai-s — when  he  carried  its  people  away  captive. 
Aljout  GG7  B.  c.  it  was  repeupled  l)y  Esar-IIaddon  with 
Cuthites  from  beyond  the  Tigris.  The  city  was 
afterwards  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great,  who  put  a 
large  part  of  the  inhabitants  to  the  sword,  and  per- 
mitted the  remainder  to  settle  in  Shechem.  lie  re- 
placed them  by  a  colony  of  Syro-Macedonians,  and 
gave  the  adjacent  territory  to  the  Jews  to  inhabit. 
Afterwards  the  city  came  into  the  possession  of  Ilerod 
the  Great,  who  colonized  it  with  6,000  veterans  and 
othei-8.  He  built  a  wall  around  it,  and  a  magnificent 
temple  in  the  centre.  IIow  long  it  maintained  its 
-jilcndor  after  Herod's  improvements  does  wot  appear, 
and  henceforth  its  history  is  uncertain.  Septimius 
Severus  planted  a  Roman  colony  there  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  third  centurv.  Dni-iiiir  the  sieire  of  Jeru- 
Balem  it  fell  into  the  hands  (jf  the  Moslems.     The 


m 

i:     1^ 


y>y 


I 

1% 


d 


-^% 


^j" 


present  villan^e  is  small  and  poor,  and  contains  alx.nt 
200  inhabitants. 

The    most    conspicuous   ruins    are    those   of    th.. 
church  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptut,  erected  over 
the  sj)ot  which  tradition  claims  to  he  the  jpluce  of  hin 
hiirial.     The  walls  remain  eTitire   to  a  conBid..ruhle 
hight,  and  enclose  a  large  space,  in  which  arc  now 
a  mosk  and  the  small  building  over  the  tomb      The 
tomb  is  a  small  chamber  cut  deep  iji  the  rock  to 
which  the  descent  is  by  twenty-one  steps.     It  is  sLid 
that  during  the  reign  of  Julian    the  Apostate,  the 
heathen  broke  open  this  sepulchre,  burnt  the  bones 
and  scattered  the  ashes  to  the  winds.     Other  ruins 
are  found  on  three  terraces,  and  consist  of  a  number 
of  columns,  twelve  of  which  stand  in  a  row,  the  others 
are  scattered  about.     These  columns  are  said  to  have 
belonged  to  the  Serai,  or  Palace.     On  the  second  ter- 
race, heaps  of  stone,  lime,  and  rubbish  are  found 
mixed  with  the  soil  in  great  profusion.     On  the  third 
terrace  but  few  traces  of  ruins  are  found. 

Most  of  the  public  edifices  at  Samaria  appear  to 
have  been  the  work  of  the  same  class  of  builders  that 
built  the  Temple  of  Solomon  at  Jerusalem;  the 
Jewish  rebate  and  bevel  being  the  prevailing  style, 
and  the  private  marks  of  the  builders  found  on  the 
stones  here  are  similar  to  those  on  the  atones  in  thi 
Temjple  substructions. 


Y?\ 


r    { 


)  ( 


n  _»- 


J?.- 


m\ 


im 


^. 


\^f=^ 


CIIAPTEIl  YIII. 

THE   CRADLE   OF   THE   HUMAN   RACE. 

T/ie  Garden  of  Eden. — Moxint  Ararat. —  The  dhper 
i>inn  of  ihe peo2>h\ — Their  hx'ation,  or  the  jihiced 
occujned  hy  them. — Flrt^t  sctth-menta  of  the  human 
family. 

The  region  embraced  between  the  Black  and  Cas- 
plan  Seas  on  the  north,  and  the  ^rediterranean  Sea 
and  Persian  Gulf  on  the  soutli,  may  well  be  regarded 
as  the  cradle  of  the  human  race,  as  it  comprises  the 
Garden  of  Eden,  Avhere  man  made  his  advent  on 
earth  ;  and  Mount  Ararat,  where  the  Ark  rested  after 
tlie  flood  subsided,  and  from  whence  the  remnant  of 
the  human  family  went  forth  to  rcpeople  the  earth. 
In  this  region  their  first  settlements  were  made,  and 
here  the  ruins  of  the  fii*st  cities  they  built  are  found ; 
particularly  on  the  hanks  of  tlie  Euphrates  and  Tigris, 
and  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Mediterranean. 


THE    GARDEN    OF   EDEN. 

Tlie  only  <lata  for  determining  the  location  of  this 
imix>rtant  spot  is  found  in  Gen.  ii.  S,  11, 13,  14.  As 
t<j  the  true  intor|)retation  of  tliis  account,  the  best 
autliorities  are  al)out  equally  divided  ;  some  claiming 
that  it  was  in  the  district  at  the  head  waters  of  the  rivers 


cr    V 


a. 


m 


Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  the  Araxes  and  Pho.i.- 
Nvlule  others  believe  tliat  it  was  between  the  Eunhrutc^ 
and  Tigris,  near  tlieir  jnnction-ahout  130  miles  n  <.f 
the  Persian  Gulf.  That  one  of  these  loealities  cn- 
tan.ed  the  Garden  of  Eden  there  ean  be  but  little 
doubt,  as  there  is  no  other  place  which  so  nearly 
meets  the  requiremeuts  of  the  Scripture  account. 

MOUNT  ARARAT 

is  in  Armenia,  775  miles  n.e.  of  Jerusalem,  about 
300  E.  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  is  in  39°  30'  n  lat  and 
43°  40'  E.  Ion.  from  Greenwich.  It  rises  directly  out 
of  the  plain  of  the  Araxes,  and  is  the  loftiest  and 
most  imposing  mountain  in  this  region,  being  17,500 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  About  l,20o'feet  be- 
low the  highest  summit  is  a  secondary  summit,  and 
between  the  two  there  is  a  gentle  depression,  in  wliich 
It  IS  believed  the  ark  rested. 

Arguri  is  the  only  village  kno^im  to  have  been 
built  on  the  slopes  of  this  mountain,  and  according  to 
tradition  it  is  the  place  where  Noah  planted  \is 
vineyard.  At  the  foot  of  the  mountain  is  Nachdje- 
van,  where  the  patriarch  is  reported  to  have  been 
buried. 


? 


■•^y   / 


THE    noiEDIATE     DESCENDANTS    OF     NOAH,    AXB    Til  KIR 
LOCATION,    OR  THE   PLACES    OCCUPIED    BY   THEM. 

"  And  the  sons  of  Noah  that  went  forth  of  the  ark 
were  Shera,  Ilam,  and  Japhet these  are  the 


s.-^ 


W^' 


M 


'/^ 


-0- 


sons  of  Nonh  ;  and  of  thcni  was  the  whole  earth  over- 
spread." — (Gen,  ix.) 

Of  the  deseendants  of  Ham,  were  Nimrod  and 
Canaan.  Kinirod  settled  in  the  land  of  Shinar,  a  dis- 
tiic-t  ahove  the  junction  of  the  rivcre  En])iirates  and 
Tiirri?.  "And  the  hciiinniiif^  of  his  kiny;(luni  was 
]>ahel,  and  Erech,  and  Accad,  and  Calnch,  in  the  land 
of  Shinar."— (Gen.  x.) 

Canaan  occupied  the  east  coast  of  the  Afediterra- 
nean,  from  Sidon  to  Gaza,  including  the  hill  country 
in  which  Jerusalem  was  built. 

The  descendants  of  Shem  were  distributed  from 
Mesha  on  the  Pereian  Gulf,  and  towards  Sc]>har, 
a  mount  of  the  east.  "By  these  were  the  isles  of  the 
Gentiles  divided  in  their  lands ;  every  one  after  his 
tontjue,  after  their  families,  iu  their  nations." 


'Cr  X. 


S^^^^S^J?? 


@ 


^ll 


m 


lUi) 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE   FIRST   CITIES  BUILT — Til  Kill  laSK, 
AS    NOW    SKKN.* 


FAI,L,  AND    KUINH 


':Mi 


Bahijlon,  its  vast  extent — its  full — its  remnrlcnhh 
ruins — Erecli — Accad —  Calnch — Nineveh^ a  sketch 
of  its  history — Its  wonderful  ruins  and  inscrip- 
tions— Damascus — Beth  el — Shechem —  Betldchcm 
— Jericho — Rabhah —  Gaza. 

BABYLOK 

ITS   VAST    EXTENT ITS    FALL ITS  KEMAEKABLE    RUINS. 

Babel,  or  Babylon,  is  tlie  first  in  order  of  the  four 
cities  built  or  occupied  by  Nimrod.  It  is  300  miles 
N.  Av.  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  200  above  the  junction 
of  the  river  Euphrates  with  the  Tigris,  and  530  miles 
E.  N.  E.  of  Jerusalem.  Herodotus,  who  visited  Baby- 
lon after  its  conquest  by  Cyrus,  is  considered  the 
best  authority  as  to  a  description  of  the  city,  as  liis 
accoimt  is  corroborated  by  the  testimony  and  re- 
searches of  all  subsequent  wri^ters,  and  by  the  explo- 
rations and  excavations  of  the  present  age. 

He  describes  the  city  as  a  quadrangle  of  15  miles 
on  each  side,  surrounded,  first,  by  a  dec[),  wide  moat, 
filled  \vith  M'atcr;  and  next  by  a  wall  S7  feet  wide 
and  60  feet  hiirh.     The  30  lower  courses  of  brick  in 


*  Hebron,  Beeroth,   Hamath,  Jerusalem,   Tyre,  and  Sidon,  are 
also  reckoned  amonpf  the  first  cities. 


i 


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f  1 


I 


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V 

K^- 


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.-3 


V 


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IL/-: 


200 

the  wall  were  wattled  with  reeds,  and  tlio  wl  ole 
cemented  l>v  h<»t  asphalt.  On  each  side  of  the  top 
of  the  wall  wiv^  a  row  of  dwellini^  facinij  each  other, 
the  passa£;e  between  being  of  snfticient  width  to  admit 
of  turning  a  chai'iot  with  four  horses. 

In  the  great  wall  there  wei-e  !<»()  gates  of  brass,  25 
on  each  side  of  the  city  ;  and  l)et\veen  every  two  gates 
a  tower  10  feet  high.  Ahhongh  the  outer  wall  was 
the  chief  defense,  thei'e  was  a  second  wall  within,  not 
nnich  inferior  in  strength,  l)ut  narrower. 

The  city  was  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  ]>arts, 
by  the  river  Euphrates  running  from  north  to  south  ; 
and  the  wall,  with  wide  quays  outside,  was  carried 
along  each  bank,  the  sides  of  the  river  being  lined  with 
lirick.  In  the  middle  of  each  division  of  the  city 
were  fortified  buildings ;  in  one  the  royal  palace,  with 
a  spacious  and  strong  enclosure ;  and  in  the  other  the 
]>recinct  of  Jupiter  Bebis — a  square  building  of  2 
furlongs  on  each  side.  There  were  50  streets  in  all, 
running;  from  ijate  to  jrate ;  each  street  was  150  feet 
wide  and  15  miles  long. 

The  houses  were  three  and  four  stories  high.  A 
bridge,  admirably  constructed  of  stones,  bound  to 
gether  with  plates  of  lead  and  iron,  was  built  across 
the  river  about  the  middle  of  the  city.  At  each  end  of 
the  bridge  was  a  palace,  the  old  palace  being  on  the 
eastern,  and  the  new  on  the  western,  side  of  the  river. 
The  Temple  of  JJclus  occu[>ied  an  entire  square  of 
the  city.  In  the  middle  of  this  precinct  was  built  a 
Solid  tower  of  one  stade,  both  in  length  and  breath,  and 
on  thin  tower  rose  another,  and  so  ou  to  the  inimbcrof 
eight.    An  a-scent  to  these  was  by  spiral  stairs,  winding 


^4 


201 

around  tlie  outside  of  the  towor.  Alxtut  the  iniddlo 
of  the  ascent  was  a  landinir-phicc,  with  Kcafs,  where 
those  ascending  could  res^  theniselvcs  ;  jmd  in  the  1«»]» 
tower  stood  a  spacious  temple,  and  in  the  temple  ii 
beautiful  couch,  and  by  its  side  a  tal)le  of  ^old.  I>o 
statue  was  erected  in  it;  nor  was  any  niorlal  allowed 
to  pass  the  night  there  except  only  a  native  woman 
chosen  by  the  god  out  of  the  whole  nation.  The 
Chaldeans,  who  were  priests  of  this  deity,  say  the 
Temple  did  not  attain  its  full  splendor  until  the  time 
of  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  greatly  enlai-ged  and  beau- 
tified it.  The  summit  of  the  temple  was  devoted  to 
astronomical  purposes.  Herodotus  states  that  the 
Greeks  learned  from  the  Babylonians  the  pole  star, 
the  sun-dial,  and  the  division  of  the  day  into  twelve 
parts;  aud  Calisthenes  the  iihilosopher  obtained  for 
Aristotle  Chaldean  observations  for  1903  years — fiom 
the  origin  of  the  Babylonian  monarchy  to  the  time 
of  Alexander. 

Berosiis,  a  priest  of  Belus,  a]>pears  to  have  sketched 
a  history  of  the  earlier  times,  from  the  delineations 
upon  the  walls  of  the  Temple. 

From  Strabo  we  learn  that  Alexander  attempted 
to  repair  the  tower,  and  employed  10,000  men  two 
mouths  in  clearing  away  the  rubbish,  but  he  did  not 
live  to  accomplish  the  undertaking.  "W^ith  the  ex- 
ception of  the  stone  bridge  across  the  Euphrates,  all 
the  great  works  of  Babylon  were  constructed  of  sun- 
dried  and  kiln-dried  bricks,  generally  stamped  with 
figures  or  letters.  Straw  or  reeds  v.-ere  laid  between 
the  courses,  and  the  whole  cemented  with  bitumen, 
mortar,  or  slime. 


x=J. 


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202 

The  country  around  Babvlon  was  intersected  l)_y 
numerous  canals  ;  the  largest  of  these,  tlie  royal  canal, 
connected  the  Euphrates  with  the  Tigris,  and  was 
uavif-able  for  merchant  vessels.  Strabo  tells  that 
Alexander  inspected  the  canals  and  ordered  them  to 
bo  cleared  out,  and  diat  in  clearing  one  in  the  marshes 
near  Arabia,  he  discovered  and  examined  the  sepul- 
chres of  the  kings,  most  of  which  were  situated 
among  the  lakes. 

Later  writei-s — Ditnlorus  and  Strabo — describe  yet 
more  wonderful  monuments  in  Babylon  than  are 
mentioned  by  Herodotus.  Among  these  are  a  tunnel 
under  the  Euphrates,  subterranean  bancpieting 
rooms  of  bi-ass,  and  the  famous  hanging-gardens. 

The  palace  connected  with  the  hanging-gardens  was 
unecpialed  in  size  and  splendor.  Its  outer  wall  had 
a  circuit  of  six  miles,  while  within  it  were  two  other 
embattled  walls  and  a  huge  tower.  All  the  gates 
M'cre  of  brass.  The  interior  of  the  palace  was  splen- 
didly decorated  with  statues  of  mcji  and  animals, 
and  furnished  with  vessels  of  gold  and  silver,  and 
with  every  species  of  luxury,  accumulated  by  Ne- 
buchadnezzar in  his  conquests. 

Tiie  i>opulation  was  estimated  by  Pliny  to  be 
1,2UU,0UU,  but  othere  placed  it  at  a  much  lower 
figure,  as  a  considerable  portion  of  the  squares  within 
the  walls  of  the  city  was  used  for  agricultural  pur- 
jx^ses,  so  as  to  render  the  city  self-sustaining  in  the 
time  of  sieges;  consequently  the  poj)ulation  would 
not  be  in  proj)ortion  to  the  area  of  the  city.  Under  the 
reign  of  Js'ebuchadnezzar,  Babylon  was  the  Mistress 
of  tho  Eaet.     Pharaoh  jS'ccho  was  the  first  to  take  up 


,\'  .1 


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arms  against  her,  and  niardicd  as  fur  as  CHrc-hcmislL 
on  the  Euphrates,  wliere  lie  was  dcfeuted  l.y  the  Buhy- 
onuui  anny.  It  was  immediately  after  this  great 
baltle  that  the  Chaldean^  marehed  npoa  Jen.salfm 
and  carried  eaptive  to  JJahylon  the  Jewish  n.-bles' 
among  Avhum  Avere  Daniel  and  his  three  friend/ 
llanamah,  Michael,  and  Azariah,  while  Judea  re- 
mained a  province  of  the  Babylonian  monarchy, 

ITS  DECLINE. 

B.  c.  55G,  Babylon  Avas  taken  by  Cyrus.  Alexan- 
der the  Great  made  it  his  capital,  b.  c.  321,  and 
died  there  u.  c.  323.  On  the  division  of  his'  cun- 
(piests,  Babylon  became  the  kingdom  of  Seleueus 
and  his  successors.  Seleueus  Nicator  transfen-ed  tlie 
seat  of  empire  to  Seleucia,  300  stadia  distant,  on 
the  Tigris,  after  M-liich  Babylon  rapidly  declined',  so 
that  in  the  early  days  of  Arab  power  it  had  dwindlc.l 
to  a  mere  name,  and  a.  d.  1101  the  present  town  of 
llillah  was  fomided  on  a  part  of  its  site. 

KUIKS. 

The  ruins  of  Babylon  are  vast  in  extent,  indescri- 
bably grand  and  desolate,  the  extensive  plain  for  miles 
around  being  covered  with  large  mounds  of  earth 
and  brick.  Among  the  rubbish  are  found  fragments 
of  pottery,  glass,  marble,  and  vitrified  bricks,  nTany  oi 
the  bricks  bearing  inscriptions,  while  the  soil  itself  is 
so  impregnated  with  nitre  as  to  destroy  all  vege- 
tation. 

The  most  extensive  ruins  are  five  miles  above  llil- 
lah, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Euphrates.     Uere  are 


^^"^^ 


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V:. 


ft.und  a  scries  of  artificial  mounds  of  eiionuous  size, 
consisting  chiclly  of  three  great  miisses  of  buildings 

the  hii,di  i)ile  of  unbaked  brick-work,  called  by  the 

Arabs  Babil,  the  building  denominated  the  Kasr,  or 
palace,  and  a  lofty  mound,  upon  which  stands  a  mod 
ern  tomb. 

The  principal  ruins  are  surrounded  by  lines  of  ram- 
l>arts,  and  an  euibankment  along  the  river-side. 
Scattered  over  a  large  area,  on  both  sides  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, are  a  number  of  notable  mounds,  nearly  all 
standing  single.  The  most  renuirkable  of  these  is 
the  vast  ruin  called  Bii-s  Ninn-oud — the  Temple  of 
Belus.  This  mound  is  lOS  feet  high,  and  has  on  its 
summit  a  compact  mass  of  brick-work,  37  feet  high 
by  27  broad— the  whole  being  235  feet  in  hight.  It 
is  rent  into  two  parts  nearly  the  whole  way  down, 
and  the  base  is  surrouuded  by  imiueuse  piles  ol 
bricks  bearing  unuiistakable  evidence  of  fire. 

It  is  laid  out  in  the  form  of  seven  terraces,  ar- 
ran-'cd  in  the  order  in  which  the  Chaldeans  supposed 
the  i)lanetary  spheres  to  exist,  each  terrace  being 
l-aintcd  in  a  different  color,  representing  its  respec- 
tive planet. 

The  lowest  stage  Wiis  black,  and  consists  of  bricks 
covered  with  bitumen. 

The  second  stage  represented  the  earth,  and  is  of 
brownish  Ijricks. 

The  third  stage.  Mars,  and  is  of  red  bricks. 

The  fourth  stage,  the  Sun— yellow  bricks. 

The  lifth.  Mercury— green  bricks. 

The  sixth  stage,  Venus — blue,  and  the  ruined  tower 
on  the  sunnnit,  gray  bricks. 


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A  passage  has  boon  discovered  in  the  B,.,.<,nd 
Btage,  leading  within  the  hriek-work  ;  at  tl,e  n<.rlhcTM 
and  eastern  corners  of  the  third  stage  were  loimd  t  we 
terni-cotta  cylinders  inseril)ed  with  tiie  history  cf  ih,. 
bnilding-stating  that  having  fallen  into  dec-aV  in  (he 
course  of  504  years  since  it  was  erected,  it  had  hcen 
repaired  by  Nebuchadnezzar;  this  w.,uld  lix  the  dale 
of  the  original  structure  at  1100  b.  c. 

The  next  ruin  of  importance  is  the  n.oun.l 
of  the  Ivasr,— the  site  of  the  great  palace  of  Jsebn- 
chadnezzar.  This  is  an  irregular  square  of  about 
700  yards  each  way,  apparently  the  old  i.ala.-o 
platform,  on  which  are  stiil  standing  jMu-tions  of 
the  ancient  palace' or  Kasr.  The  walls  are  of  j.aie 
yellow  burnt  bricks  of  excellent  quality,  laid  in  lime 
cement.  ^  No  plan  of  the  palace  can  be  made,  as  the 
ruins  lie  in  great  confusion  on  the  highest  part  of  the 
mound. 

The  sculptures,  inscribed  bricks,  and  glazed  and 
colored  tiles  found  at  the  Kasr,  have  caused  it  to  be 
generally  regarded  as  the  site  of  the  hu-ge  palace 
celebrated  for  its  hanging-gardens. 

From  the  portions  of  wall  standing,  and  from  the 
surrounding  detached  masses,  it  woiild  api)ear  that 
all  the  bricks  used  in  this  structui-e  were  baked,  and 
that  the  face  of  each  was  invariably  placed  down- 
waids.  In  this  mound  there  was  found  a  rudelv  ex- 
ecuted elephant,  crushing  a  man  beneath  his  pon- 
derous w-eight.  OnthenorthsideofthcKasrstandsthe 
solitary  tree  called  by  the  Aral.)s  Athclch,  and  which, 
notwithstanding  its  great  antiquity,  still  bears  spread- 
ing green  branches.     According  to  tradition,  it  shel- 


tvii 


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^Sic^^s^p^ 


206 


tcred  the  Caliph  Ali  wheu  Buikiiig  with  fatigue  aftei 
the  battle  of  llillah. 

In  the  time  of  Alexander,  antique  nuiinnnLiiis 
alx)undcJ  in  the  Lauiliun  niai-shes,  70  miles  south  of 
Uabylon  ;  these  monuments  were  said  to  be  the  tombs 
of  the  Assyrian  kings.  In  confirmation  of  this,  there 
have  recently  been  discovered  in  some  of  them  glared 
eafthen  coflins. 

In  the  excavation  of  these  mounds  of  ruins  tens  of 
thousands  of  bricks  have  been  found,  all  stamped 
with  the  combination  of  characters  which  reads  Ne- 
buchadnezzar. 

Stamped  bricks  are  not  only  found  in  the  ruins  of 
Babylon,  but  among  ruins  of  towns  and  cities  within 
an  area  of  100  miles  in  length  by  40  in  width,  bear- 
ing the  legend :  Xebuchadnezzar,  son  of  Xabopolassar, 
King  of  Babylon, 

The  C(jmposition  of  these  bricks  is  such  as  to 
render  them  nearly  imperishable,  and  the  inscrip- 
tions on  them,  and  on  the  cylindei-s  found  here, 
furnish  many  chaptei-s  of  tlie  long-h»st  history  of 
those  remote  times — names  of  kings,  and  events  in 
their  order. 

Since  Darius  destroyed  the  walls  of  Babylon,  over 
2300  years  ago,  its  ruins  have  furnished  a  never-fail- 
ing su2)ply  of  bricks.  City  after  city  has  been  built 
fnjm  its  materials.  Celeucia,  Ctesiphon,  Al  Median, 
Kufa,  Kerbela,  Bagdad,  llillah,  besides  nuiny  other 
towns  and  villages,  have  risen  in  succession  from  the 
ruins  of  the  once  va.st  and  ]>roud  J'abyl.m. 

The  modern  town  of  llillah,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Euj)hrates,  stands  neaily  in  the  centre  of  tJie  site 


-ta cP 


THE  KASli— BABYLON. 


t..^-«©ri- 


BABYLON— ITS  MOUNDS  OF  EUIKS. 


ii^.- 


i 

My 


m 


of  Bahylon.  It  is  surroinided  by  wide  walls,  and  a 
deep  ditch,  and  has  four  <:^atcR. 

Tlie  city  being  built  frjnu  the  Baljylonian  brick.-, 
there  is  not  a  room  where  may  not  be  seen  bricks 
stamped  with  the  name  of  Xcbucliadnczzar, 

The  Euphrates  at  J lillali,  in  its  medium  state,  is  450 
feet  wide  and  7^  feet  deep,  with  a  velocity  of  2^  miles 
an  hour.  It  annually  overflows  its  banks  ;  inundating; 
tlie  country  for  many  miles  around.  The  soil  is  vcrv 
fertile,  and  the  air  salubrious. 

EKEOII* 

is  about  100  miles  s.  e.  of  Babylon.  It  is  now 
called  Irak.  The  most  noted  ruins  found  here  are 
the  immense  mounds,  El  Assayah,  and  the  remains  of 
coffins  and  bricks,  scattered  over  a  large  disti-ict — in- 
dicating that  it  was  a  city  of  considerable  size  and 
importance. 


ACCAD 

is  about  70  miles  n.  w.  of  Babylon,  and  is  now 
known  as  Akari,  Babel,  and  a  })i-imitive  monument 
found  here  is  still  called  Tel  Kiinrud,  M-hich  signilies 
the  hill  of  Nimrod.  The  most  remai-kable  ruin  con- 
sists  of  a  mound  or  platform  on  which  stands  a  mass 
of  building,  having  the  appearance  of  a  tower.  It  is 
400  feet  in  circumference  at  its  base,  and  125  feet  in 
hight  ab;)ve   the  mound.     It  was  built  of  bricks  ce- 


*  Some    authorities   believe    that  Erech,  Accad,   aiid    Calaeb 
were  suburbs  of  Nineveh. 


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210 


mcntcJ  by  Litnmen,  and  was  divided  into  layei-s  ol 
from  12  to  20  feet  thick,  by  reeds.  There  are  also 
remains  of  reservoii-s,  canals,  and  other  works,  tluit 
show  tlie  importance  of  this  very  aucient  city. 


CAINEH 

was  the  last  in  order  of  the  four  cities  that  wore 
the  beginninVr  of  Ximrod's  kingdom.  Itx  site  cannot 
be  determined,  but  it  is  believed  to  be  at  what  \vas 
afterwards  Ctesiphon,  on  the  banks  of  the  Tigris, 
about  20  miles  below  Bagdad.  Among  the  ruins 
found  here  are  those  of  a  remarkable  ancient  palace, 
now  called  Tank  Kesra,  which  struck  the  Arab  con- 
querors with  amazement  and  delight. 


KIXEYEn. 

A  SKETCH  OF    ITS    niSTORT — ITS   WONDERFUL   RUINS    AND 
INSCRITTIONS. 

Far  away  in  the  East  is  a  country  now  inhabited 
principally  by  tribes  of  Nestorians,  and  roving  bands 
of  Arabs,  that  was  once  an  empire  whose  power  and 
magnificence  were  both  the  terror  and  marvel  of  the 
ancient  world.  The  capital  of  this  emjiire  lay  buried 
in  the  sands  of  the  earth,  with  no  certain  marks  of  its 
pei>idchi-e.  Tlie  extent  of  our  knowledge  of  the  loca- 
tion of  tins  city  was  no  more  than  vague  tradition — 
which   said   that   it  was   hidden   somewhere  on   the 


Cm 


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nvcr  Tigris ;  but  for  many  centuries  it  l,;ul  oxi.ro.l 
only  m  name,  a  name  that  siirrcrested  the  idea  u[  -u 
anccnt  capital  of  fabnjons  size  and  splendor  '  •[ 
u-alled  citv  containing,  many  fortifications,  palaces 
and  temples;  a  city  vvhich  had  witnessed  the  t.-.i-.' 
of  many  princes  and  peoples,  brought  hither  cMptiv. 
I)y  its  warlike  kin^-s. 

After  over  two  thousand  years  the  grave  of  this 
dead  city  was  found,  and  its  shroud  of  sand  and  iMiin 
thrown  off— revealing  to  an  astonished  world  its 
temples,  palaces,  and  idols— its  tablets,  covered  with 
records  of  its  conquests  and  power.  Tlie  Nineveh  in 
which  the  caiDtive  tribes  of  Israel  liad  laboi-ed  and 
wept,  and  against  Avliich  the  prophecies  had  gone 
forth,  M^as,  after  a  sleep  of  over  twentv  centuries,  a'^'ain 
bi-ought  to  light;  and  the  proofs  of  its  ancient 'siflen- 
dor  beheld  by  moi-tal  eyes. 

The  site  and  ruins  of  this  ancient  city  are  on  the 
river  Tigris,  510  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  550  miles 
N.  E.  of  Jerusalem.  Nineveh  Avas  one  of  the  oldest 
largest,  most  powerful,  and  splendid  cities  in  the 
world;  and  contained  at  one  time  a  popidation  of 
000,000.  Traditions  of  its  unrivaled  size  and  magni- 
ficence were  equally  familiar  to  the  Greeks  and 
Ptomans,  and  to  the  Arabian  geographer. 

The  Assyrian  Empire  at  one  time  included  ]\rcdia 
and  Persia,  and  was  then  bounded  on  the  north  b\- 
the  Caspian  Sea  and  Armenia,  on  the  east  bv  i\rcdia, 
on  the  south  by  Arabia,  on  the  s.  w.  and  w.  bv  thJ 
v'wev  Euphrates  and  Syria.. 

The  Assyrians  were  one  of  the  greatest  commercial 
and  manufacturing  nations  of  the  East.  Assyria,  from 


;  1 . 


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212 


its  proximity  to  tlie  Persian  Gulf,  with  which  it  was 
connected  by  the  rivers  Tif:;ns  and  Eu}>hrates,  natu- 
rally l)ecanie  the  great  highway  of  trade  between  the 
6ca-faring  nations  of  the  Indian  seas  and  Central  Asia. 
Consequently,  Nineveh  was  a  great  centre  of  trade 
and  manufactures,  and  here  the  merchants  of  nearly 
all  the  nations  of  the  earth  assembled. 

Assyria  was  mentioned  by  Ezekicl  as  trading  in 
"blue  cloth  and  embroidered  work."  Li  these  stuffs 
gold  thread  was  introduced  into  the  woof  of  many 
colors,  and  were  the  "  dyed  attire  and  embroidered 
work  "  so  frequently  mentioned  in  Scripture  as  the 
most  costly  and  splendid  garments  of  kings  and 
princes.  The  cotton  manufactures  were  equally  cel- 
ebrated and  remarkable,  and  were  mentioned  by 
Pliny  as  the  invention  of  Semiramis.  v:/to  -is  stated 
Ijij  many  writers  of  antiquity  as  having  foiuuUd 
large  weaving  estaLh's/tnients  along  the  hanl's  of  the 
Tigris  and  Hujthrates.  They  also  acquired  the  art 
of  manufacturing  glass;  several  bottles,  and  vases 
of  elegant  shape,  were  fouTid  among  the  ruins  of  the 
city. 

The  result  of  its  immense  trade,  and  tlie  number 
of  nations  paying  tri])ute  to  the  kings  of  Assyria,  was 
the  accumulation  of  a  vast  amount  of  treasure  in  Nin- 
eveh, and  the  most  extraordinary  traditions  were  ob- 
served in  antiquity,  of  the  enormous  amoinit  of  gold 
collected  in  that  cit}'. 

As  the  recent  discoveries  of  Botta  and  Layard, 
among  the  ruins  of  Nineveh,  are  exciting  groat  inter- 
est and  attention,  a  brief  sketch  of  its  history  will 
help  to  render    the    subject  intelligible.     This  city 


¥1 


Si IT 


4 


'^ 


''Cf 


was  first  known  to  history  only  as  Nineveh;  Imt  it  :if- 
tcrwards  became  the  capital — first  of  the  kinf^doin  of 
Assyria,  then  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  Accc^rdiiii^  U) 
Scripture,  it  was  founded  by  Assluir  about  2230  u.c, 
but  according  to  Diodorus  Siculus  ((piotiiifj  Ctesias), 
it  was  founded  by  Ninus  2183  b.c.  This  a^^rees 
with  other  <>;ood  authorities,  according  to  wiiom  As- 
shur  was  the  founder  of  the  monarchy  of  Assyriii, 
while  Ninus  founded  the  Assyrian  empire  and  city  of 
Nineveh.  Justin,  the  Homan  historian  who  abridired 
the  history  of  Trogus  Pompeius  in  the  second  cen- 
tur}^,  gives  the  following  account  of  Ninus.  He  says, 
"  By  his  lust  for  empire  he  first  brought  wars  against 
the  people,  as  yet  unused  to  resistance,  to  the  very 
borders  of  Libya — which  name  was  anciently  applied 
to  all  Africa "  His  neighbors  there- 
fore being  subdued,  when  by  accession  of  strength 
he  was  stronger,  he  passed  to  others,  and  every  new 
victory  being  the  instrument  of  the  next  one,  he  sub- 
dued the  whole  East. 

"  His  last  war  was  with  Oxyartes,  king  of  the  Bac- 
trians.  Here  he  met  with  a  more  powerful  resistance 
than  he  had  yet  experienced,  but  after  several  fi'uit- 
less  attempts  upon  the  chief  city,  he  at  last  conquered 
it  by  the  contrivance  and  conduct  of  Semiramis,  wife 
of  Menon,  president  of  the  king's  council,  and  chief 
of  Assyria."  ....  "The  ability,  courage, 
and  beauty  of  Semiramis  so  captivated  Ninus,  that 
he  used  every  imaginable  persuasion  and  threat  to 
induce  her  husband  to  bestow  his  wife  upon  him. 
Menon,  however,  would  not  consent,  but  in  a  fit  of 
distraction  he  destroyed  himself,  and  Semiramis  was 


I 


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advanced  to  the  regal  state  and  dignity.  Xinus  had 
a  son  bv  Semiramis,  named  Ninvas,  and  died  after 
a  reign  of  fifty-two  yeai-s,  leaving  her  the  govern- 
ment of  his  kingdom.  In  honor  of  his  meniory,  she 
erected  in  the  royal  palace  a  monument,  which  re- 
mained till  long  after  the  ruin  of  Xineveli." 

Of  the  size  of  this  monument,  Diodorus  speaks  in 
extraordinary  terms.  Following  Xinus,  Assyrian  re- 
cords give  the  names  of  thirty-four  kings  who  reigned 
in  Xineveli  before  the  reign  of  Sardanapalus — whose 
throne  was  overturned  by  an  invasion  of  the  Medes, 
a  people  who  dwelt  on  tlie  shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Arbaces,  king  of  the  !Medes,  led  his  army  across 
the  mountains,  and  made  himself  king  of  Assyria, 
about  SU4  B.C. 

After  the  death  of  Arbaces  the  Medo,  the  Assyri- 
ans regained  their  independence.  The  first  of  tlie 
new  line  of  kings  was  Pul.  In  liis  reign  Menahem, 
king  of  Israel,  invaded  Assyria,  and  gained  some 
temporary  successes.  In  retaliation  for  which,  Pul 
marched  in  the  following  year  into  Samaria.  The 
fri<;htencd  Israelites  could  make  no  stand  against 
him,  and  purchased  a  peace  at  the  price  of  1,000 
talents  of  silver. 

Pul  was  succeeded  by  Tiglath  Pileser,  who  also  in- 
vaded Samaria  b.c.  753. 

Tiglath  Pileser  was  succeeded  by  Shalmaneser 
(called  by  the  prophet  Ilosea,  Shalnio).  In  the  ninth 
year  of  his  reign,  he  invaded  and  conquered  the  king- 
dom of  Israel,  and  carried  the  people  away  captive, 
725  B.C. 

Shalmaneser  was  succeeded  bv  Sonnacliprib  ^h.c. 


i 


SiF-ti- 


ml 

■Si  1]    I 


m 


m 


^^1 


720).  JTe  invaded  Jndca  in  the  fuiirtecnlh  year  of 
tlie  reign  of  Ilezekiali.  In  his  old  age  Sennachcri)), 
while  worshiping  in  the  tein])le  of  the  Assyrian  g<.d 
Nisroch,  Avas  murdered  by  two  of  his  sons,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  third  son,  Esarhaddon  (about  C83 
B.C.),  who  was  succeeded  by  Sard(jchicus  (d.c.  007), 
who  reigned  over  Nineveh,  Ixibylon,  and  Israel  twenty 
years.  During  his  reign.  Media  revolted  and  gained 
I  its  independence.  The  bright  days  of  Xineveh's 
glory  were  now  past;  disaster  followed  disaster  in 
quick  succession. 

(B.C.  647)  Chyniladan  succeeded  Sardochtcus,  and 
reigned  twenty  yeai-s— Babylon  was  taken   by  the        k^ 
Chaldees,  and  in  the  year  025  b.c.  their  leader,  Na-  ^ 

bopolassar,  ruled  that  city  and  the  lower  half  of  the 
valley  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris.  Two  years  later 
he  marched  northward  against  Nineveh,  which  he 
stormed  and  sacked.  The  city  was  then  laid  waste, 
its  monuments  destroyed,  and  a  large  portion  of  its 
inhabitants  carried  away  into  captivity  or  scattered. 
It  never  rose  again  from  its  ruins,  (b.c.  401)  Xeno- 
plion,  with  10,000  Greeks,  encamped  during  his  re- 
treat on  or  very  near  its  site,  but  does  not  mention  its 
name.  The  great  victory  by  Alexander  over  Darius  ''.  •' ' 
(b.c.  331)  was  won  almost  over  the  ruins  of  Nineveh. 
During  the  Eoman  period  a  small  castle  or  fortified  I  iVA 
town  stood  on  a  part  of  the  site.  The  Roman  settle-  ' '  v^  ■ 
ment  was  in  its  turn  abandoned,  for  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  it  when  Ileraclius  gained  the  great  victory 
over  the  Persians  in  the  l.iattle  of  Nineveh,  fou<rht  ; 

on  the  very  site  of  the  ancient  city,  a.d.  027. 
i|'  Freqnent  allusion  is  made  to  Nineveh  in  the  Old     ij^  ij 


» - 


Ui 


Testament.  The  first  is  in  Genesis  x.  11,  and  has 
reference  to  its  ori^'in.  Jonah  was  sent  to  this  city 
about  SCO  B.C.  to  -warn  it  of  its  destruction  (Jonah  i. 
1, 1';  iii.  1  to  1<»).  The  Book  of  Kahum  is  devoted  to 
*'the  burden  of  iS'inevch."  Isaiali  speaks  of  the 
destruction  of  the  Assyrian  army  by  the  angel  of  the 
Lord— of  Sennacherib's  return  to  Kineveh,  and  his 
murder  by  his  two  sons  (Isaiali  xxxvii.  3G,  37,  3S). 
The  last  mention  of  it  is  by  Zephaniah,  G30  b.c, 
"  And  he  will  stretch  out  his  hand  against  the  north, 
and  destroy  Assyria;  and  will  make  Kineveh  a 
desolation,  and  dry  like  a  wilderness"  (Zeph.  ii.  13). 

The  ruins  of  Kineveh  are  mostly  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Tigris,  opposite  the  city  of  Mosul,  which  also 
stands  on  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient  city.    Kine- 
veh covered  an  area  of  nearly  IG  miles,  being  the 
longest  on  the  river,  or  from  north  to  south.     The 
ruins  consist  of  shapeless  heaps,  and  mounds  of  earth 
and  rubbish,  some  of  which  are  of  ejiormous  dimen- 
sions, and  api^ear  in  the  distance  more  like  natural 
hills  than  like  the  work  of  men's  hands.     Upon  and 
around  them  were  foimd  scattered  many  fragments 
of  pottery,  sculpture,  and  building  materials.     Some 
of  these  mounds  had  been  selected  by  the  natives  as 
sites  for  their  villages  and  small  inud-built  forts.   The 
i^mnmits  of  others  were  sown  with  barley  and  com. 
These  mounds  differ  greatly  in  size  and  f(U'm ;  some 
are  mere  conical  heaps,  while  others  have  a  broad, 
flat  summit,  very  steep  sides,  and  are  from  50  to  15(i 
feet  high.     There  are  several  groups  of  enclosures 
and  mounds,  the  ])rincipal  of  wliich  are  called  Klior- 
sabad,  Kouyunjik,  Kebbi  Yunus,  Kcnunles  and  Niiii 


'I 
'J 

r 


!1 


I: 


C.v'- 


\h 


(  I    V''^ 


"b — h 


if 


1 


rnd.  TJiej  take  their  names  from  tl.e  villa^roR  }„  their 
vicmitj.  Mosul  is  on  tlie  west  bank  of  the  TlLn-is 
and  at  the  north-west  comer  of  the  site  of  Kineveh  ' 
From  Mosul,  hj  the  aiVl  of  a  crood  crlass,  a  view  of 
most  of  the  ruins  of  Nineveh  may  be  had.  Directly 
opposite,  on  tlie  other  side  of  the  Tigris,  are  the  n.onn.ls 
ot  rums  called  Ivonyunjik,  and  Nebbi  Ym.us  ;  to  the 
N.E.  are  the  mounds  of  Kho.-sabad;  to  the  8  r  are 
those  of  Iveramles;  and  17  miles  s.s.e.  is  the  impor- 
tant mound,  Nimrud. 

The  ruins  opposite  Mosul  consist  of  an  enclosure 
formed  bj  a  continuous  line  of  mounds,  resemblin^r  J 
vast  embankment  of  earth,  but  marking  the  remains 
..f  a  wall,  the  western  face  of  which  is  interrupted  by 
the  two  great  mounds  of  Kouyunjik  and  Kebbi 
Yunus.  East  of  this  enclosure  is  an  extensive  line  of 
defense,  consisting  of  moats  and  ramparts.  Here 
and  there  a  mound  more  lofty  than  the  rest  cover, 
the  ruins  of  a  tower  or  gateway.  A  part  of  the 
mound'Kouyunjik  is  very  steep,  and  is  9G  feet  hi<di  • 
the  top  of  it  is  flat,  and  a  small  Arab  village,  now 
abandoned,  stands  upon  it. 

Nelibi  Yunus  is  smaller  in  area  than  Ivouyunjik 
but  about  the  same  hight;  upon  it  is  a  Turkoman' 
village,  containing  the  apocryphal  tomb  of  Jonali, 
and  a  burial-ground  held  in  great  sanctity  bv  tlie 
Mohammedans.  Eemains  of  gateways  have 'been 
discovered  in  the  north  and  east  Avails."  In  a<ldition 
t<^  the  inner  wall,  there  is  an  enormous  outer  rampai-t 
of  earth,— in  some  places  SO  feet  high;  a  frw 
mounds  outside  of  the  ramparts  wei-e  probably  de- 
tached towei-s. 


7; 

t 


y,''i 


w 


Ja-I 


*l 


That  part  of  tlie  ruins  known  as  Ivhorsahad,  cover 
at!  area  of  075  feet  by  about  800.  Near  the  middle 
of  the  pontli-wept  side  is  a  cone,  which  is  tlie  most 
elevated  jxtint,  heinj;  50  feet  hi<;her  than  the  rest  of 
the  mound,  and  presents  quite  an  imposing  and 
sinjxnlar  aj^pcarance.  Near  the  noi-them  angle  of  the 
m-unid  is  an  ancient  well,  the  bottom  of  whit-h  is 
covered  with  a  stone  with  seven  holes,  through  which 
l>ure  fresh  water  gushes  forth  in  great  abundance.  I 
^\^icn  first  discovered  by  Botta,  a  village  covered 
most  of  the  top  of  this  mound.  As  the  country  is 
infested  with  roving  bands  of  fi-ecbootei-s,  who  do  not 
licsitate  to  use  the  scimcter  or  rilie  to  obtain  plunder, 
those  disposed  to  make  a  jicrmanent  settlement  cliose 
elevated  positions  ;  hence  all  of  the  largest  of  tliese 
mounds,  when  fii-st  discovered  by  Eur<»i»eans,  were 
covered  with  villages  and  scattered  habitations. 

The  fortified  enclosure  of  Khorsabad  forms  a 
large  and  very  regular  rectangle  ;  the  wall  surroimd- 
iu"-  it,  and  which  l(H>ks  like  a  long  tumulus  of  a 
nmnded  shape,  is  surmounted  at  irregular  intervals  by 
elevations  which  indicate  the  existence  of  towei-s. 
From  the  northern  angle  the  wall  stretches  very 
regularly  to  the  south-east,  becoming  more  elevated 
and  distinct  until  it  assumes  the  asj^ect  of  a  large 
causeway;  a  great  number  of  fragments  of  bricks 
an<l  gypsum  being  observable  on  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  (Jutsidc  of  the  outer  wall  a  part  of  a  ditch  was 
found  ;  and  in  one  place  a  brick  wall,  c(tntaining 
twelve  layers  of  bricks,  similar  to  those  comi)rising 
the  ma.ss  of  the  mound. 

The  ruins  in  this  mound  consist  of  parts  of  halls, 


h-- 


^ 


>>, 


\^ 


(^.^ 


^: 


•tj — V 


^MSS^:. 


EXCAVATIONS  AT  NINEVEH. 


chambers,  and  passac.es,  for  tlio  most  part  waii.scoto.l 
wit]i  slabs  of  gray  alabaster,  sculptured  with  fi-^ire? 
in  relief.  The  calcined  .limestone,  and  the  rrro^t  a.- 
cumulation  of  charred  wood  and  ehareoal,  showed 
that  the  building,  or  at  least  its  roof,  had  been  do 
stroyed  by  fire. 

The  mounds  of  Nimrud,  notwithstanding  their  <lis- 
tance  from  the  northern  ruins,  are  believed  by  many  f., 
be  a  part  of  Nineveh.    These  mounds  are  about  4  mil-s 
in  circumference  and  terminate  at  the  northwest  an-lc 
by  a  great  mound  777  feet  in  circumference,  ami 
144  feet  in  hight,  once  coated  with  bricks.     Some  of 
these  have  been  found,  and  are  about  the  same  size  as 
those  of  Babylon,  and  are  inscribed  with  the  arnnv- 
head  characters.     At  the  southeast  angle  of  this  en- 
closure is  a  group  of  fifty  mounds,  called  by  the  Arabs 
the  mounds  of  Arthur.     The  mound  of  Ximrud  is  as 
clearly  defined  as  that  of  Kiiorsabad,  which  it  resem- 
bles in  the  quadrangular  form  of  its  line  of  consecu- 
tive mounds. 

Tlie  great  interest  in  these  discoveries  centres  in 
the  inscriptions,  illustrations,  and  sculptures  found 
in  the  courts,  halls,  and  historical  chambers  of  ])al- 
aces  and  temples,  the  most  important  of  which  were 
found  in  the  mounds  at  Khorsabad,  Kouyunjik,  and 
Ximrud.     The  inscriptions  were  found  on  slabs  of 
stone  and  marble,  arranged  against  the  walls;   on 
cylinders  of  pottery,  images,  and  on  obelisks.     These 
inscriptions  are   nearly  all    in    cuneatic   charactei-s, 
which  are  neither  simple  nor  numerical  figures,  but 
alphabetical;  and  the  inscriptions,  like  English  wri- 
ting, read   from   left  to  right.     The  chai-acter  em- 
14 


m 


i\ 


\\  '\ 


m 

m 
I' 


I 


3 
f 


# 


ployed  was  the  arrow-liead,  or  cuneiform,  so  called 
from  each  letter  beini;  formed  by  marks  or  elements 
rescmhlinf;!^  an  arrow-head,  or  wedge.  This  mode  of 
writing  prevailed  throughout  the  Assyrian,  Babyloni- 
an, and  Persian  Empires.  The  Assyrian  or  Babylo- 
nian alphabet  contained  over  200  signs  or  characters, 
of  a  very  complicated  and  imperfect  nature,  some 
chai-acters  being  phonetic,  others  syllabic,  and  others 
ideographic.  The  inscri})tions  were  all  systematic- 
ally arranged,  so  that  in  many  instances  they  gave  a 
very  full  and  connected  account  of  public  events — 
principally  chronicles  of  the  king  who  built  the  edifice 
where  they  were  found,  including  a  record  of  his 
wai-s  and  expeditions  into  distant  countries — of  the 
amount  of  spoil  taken,  and  tribute  exacted  from  the 
conquered  peojjles ;  of  the  building  of  temj^les  and 
palaces,  and  of  invocations  to  the  gods  of  Assyria 
— altogether  furnishing  a  complete  key  to  the  long- 
lost  history  of  the  Assyrian  Empire  and  the  city  of 
Nineveh.  Many  remarkable  events  are  represent- 
ed by  figures  and  illustrations,  bo  ingeniously  con- 
ti'ivcd  and  arranged  that,  by  the  aid  of  a  short  in- 
sci-iption,  the  story  is  as  plainly  told  as  it  could 
have  been  by  any  written  account.  Among  the  fii*st 
discoveries  made  in  the  mound' Khorsabad  was  a  hall 
or  entrance  chamber  between  two  courts.  This  cham- 
ber was  46  feet  long  by  10  wide,  and  its  entrance 
was  guarded  by  six  colossal  bulls,  with  human  heads 
and  eagles'  wings — three  of  the  bulls  on  each  side  of 
tlie  enti'ance.*     At  the  front  end  of  the  chamber  was 

*  Tlie  entrance  to  all  of  the  pnlaces  and  temples   in  the  ruins 
of  Nineveh  were  found  similarly  yarded. 


•My 

'il 


i^lt 


ll 


^^g-^^^^^^gH-v--,  ■  . 


f-\ 


\R^M 


225 

formerly  a  strong  gate,  of  one  leaf,  wliicli  was  fafiteii- 
ed  by  a  huge  wooden  lock,  like  tliose  still  in  use  in 
the  East,— the  key  to  which  is  as  much  as  a  man  can 
well  carry,— and  by  a  bar  which  moved  into  aB(iuarc 
hole  in  the  wall.  It  was  doubtless  to  a  key  of  this 
description  that  the  prophet  alluded:  "And  the  key 
of  the  house  of  David  will  I  lay  upon  his  shoulder  ;" 
and  it  is  remarkable  that  the  word  for  key  in  this  pus- 
sage  of  Scripture  —  nrs-o  (]\Iuftah)  — is  the  same 
in  use  all  over  the  East  at  the  present  day.  The 
pavement  of  this  chamber  was  of  slabs  of  "■vDsum  • 
and  in  the  floor,  at  the  entrance  between  the  bulls, 
was  a  slab  engraved  with  a  long  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tion :  there  were  likewise  inscriptions  between  the 
fore  and  hind  legs  of  the  bulls.  Farther  on  thei-e 
were  holes  in  the  pavement,  in  which  metal  bai-s 
had  been  inserted  to  keep  the  door  open  at  cer- 
tain angles.  Arranged  against  each  side  of  this 
chamber  were  two  rows  of  marble  slabs,  each  row 
having  two  lines  of  illustrations,  which  were  divided 
by  a  band  of  cuneatic  writing,  the  whole  so  nearly 
entire  that  it  afforded  a  very  complete  record  of  the 
annual  tribute  brought  by  two  different  peoples  to  the 
Assyrian  King  who  occupied  the  palace  within.  This 
chamber,  with  its  colossal  bulls,  and  rows  of  illusti-a- 
tioiis  and  inscriptions,  is  a  fair  sample  of  many  other 
chambers  and  passages  found  in  palaces  and  temples 
in  the  mounds — Kouyunjik,  Khorsabad,  and  Ninirud  ; 
— and  may  properly  be  called  historical  chambei's.  In 
one  of  these,  in  the  mound  Kliorsabad,  a  procession 
is  represented  moving  down  a  narrow  hall,  in  two 
lines,  headed  by  an  officer  who  was  conducting  it 


[Iv 


K 


V 


iC'! 


--^ 


c 


""^.  ' '    '"'^iS 


^'-^w- 


A 


I 


f 


I/A. 


t1 


226 

into  the  pieseuce  of  tlie  King.  The  titU  cf  the 
oflicer  is  indicated  by  the  word  -p-n  (Tartan). 
The  fii-6t  eight  pei-sons  who  follow  Tartan  wear  the 
cluse  turban,  and  are  dressed  in  long  tunics,  with 
short  over-garments.  The  firet  carries  the  model  of  a 
citv,  indicative  of  his  ofiiceof  governor  of  a  in-ovince. 
At  the  head  of  the  procession  is  au  officer,  who  is  fol-. 
lowed  by  three  persons,  the  first  two  each  bearing  two 
cups,  the  produce  of  the  manufacture  of  the  pro- 
vince;  and  the  third  bears  a  sealed  bag  upon  his 
shoulders,  containing  the  amount  of  tribute  in  gold- 
dust  or  precious  stones  furnished  by  the  prince,  ruled 
bv  the  governor  at  the  head  of  the  procession. 
The  arrangement  of  the  procession  appeai-s  to  have 
been  one  chief  to  four  men  bearing  tribute,  and  con- 
tained in  all  thirty  persons. 

The  second  line  of  illustrations  in  this  chamber 
represents  another  procession,  and  which,  like  the  first, 
is  headed  by  a  chief  officer  of  tribute.  These  are 
evidently  a  different  people  from  the  first ;  their  hair 
is  arranged  in  cork-screw  curls,  their  tunics  are  scanty, 
:ind  confined  at  the  waist  by  a  sash  formed  of  a  col- 
lection of  cords.  Over  the  tunic  is  a  covering  made 
of  sheep  and  leopard  skins.  The  firet  person  is  a  chief 
of  this  people,  as  signified  by  his  long  beard,  and  his 
bearing  the  model  of  a  city;  he  is  followed  by  a 
groom  carrying  two  spears,  and  leading  two  horses 
richly  caparisoned,  having  elegant  crested  ornaments 
upon  their  heads,  and  tjisscled  bands  across  their 
cjheste.  Following  this  is  a  chief,  attended  by  a  gr(x»iii 
with  two  spears  and  two  horses,  one  of  which  the 
groom  is  forcing  back  into  the  line  of  march.     After 


i>s- 


'ill 


i  I 


*%^f--iO*~ 


2:i7 


^ 


t? 


|i 


tliis  comes  another  cliief  weariiii;  a  leoparil-skin  robe, 
but  not  bearing  any  insignia  of  oHico — his  hands  are 
held  up  in  the  attitude  of  astonishment  and  awe.  In 
the  last  slab  on  this  side  of  the  cliainber  is  an  areh- 
shaped  cavity  which  received  the  wooden  luck  when 
the  valve  was  completely  open. 

In  another  line  of  these  illustrations  are  seen  eight 
chiefs,  ten  grooms,  and  fourteen  hoi-scs.  All  of  the 
chiefs  are  in  an  attitude  of  surprise.  The  sculptures 
on  the  last  slab  on  this  wall  are  entii-ely  tibl iter- 
ated, having  been  destroyed  by  the  burning  of  the 
door,  M'hich  was  of  wood,  and  probably  stood  open 
against  the  wall  when  the  building  wjis  destroyed. 

In  a  part  of  the  ruins  of  the  royal  i)alace  was  found 
the  court  of  reception  where  the  offerings  were  pre- 
sented, and  where  justice  was  administered ;  the 
King's  Gate — the  gate  of  Judgment,  the  "  porch  for 
the  throne  where  he  might  judge,  even  tlie  porch  of 
judgment."  It  was  in  a  court  of  this  kind,  called 
::-n,  teragn,  gate  in  the  royal  abode  of  Babylon,  that 
in  after-times  the  prophet  Daniel  sat  when  Nebuchad- 
nezzar had  made  him  •ph-::n^  "  the  Sultan  or  ruler 
over  the  whole  province,"  ri:;''-],  medinet  of  Laltylon. 
Most  of  the  words  are  even  now  cur- 
rent in  the  country,  so  that  if  they  were  wi-itten  in 
Arabic  characters  an  Arab  could  read  and  compre- 
hend them. 

Many  of  the  illustrations  found  represent  sieges  of 
cities  by  the  Assyj'ians — who  are  always  rej)resented 
as  being  successful.  One  of  these  represents  the 
siege  of  a  strongly  fortified  place  belonging  to  the 
people   who  wear  the  slieep-skin   garments.     Their 


m 


I 


t.A' 
I  I'  * 


M^^^^^^^^^^^^s 


.!^ 


.7<  ■/ 


w 


//V\ 


ill 

I 


228 


c:istle  is  furtiiied  by  a  double  wall,  and  built  upon  an 
irrci^ular  hill.  u[)  the  sides  of  which  aie  ur<;ed  two 
batterini^-ranis,  at  which  the  besieged  are  throwiuir 
li-'hted  torches  to  set  them  on  iire.  In  a  part  of  this 
illustration  are  seen  tents,  and  various  implements 
hung  to  the  poles  of  the  tents,  as  is  still  the  practice 
here  amone:  the  natives — the  descendants  of  those 
ancient  people. 

Another  series  of  illustrations  and  figures  repre- 
sents the  siege  of  a  city  situated  in  a  plain,  aud  pro- 
tected on  one  side  by  a  shallow  river.  On  one 
side  a  satrap,  attended  b}'  his  shield-bearer,  is  vig- 
orously pressing  the  attack.  He  is  habited  in  a  long 
fringed  and  embroidered  robe,  sandals,  bracelets,  and 
circlet  on  his  head,  and  long  sword,  and  is  dis- 
charirine:  arrows  under  cover  of  the  shield  held  bv  his 
attendant,  who  wears  a  helmet,  and  is  partially 
clothed  in  mail.  From  the  top  of  the  battlements  the 
besieged  are  seen  pouring  some  inflammable  li(piid 
upon  the  war-engines  of  the  enemy,  who  in  turn  are 
dischanrin^r  water  from  a  movable  tower  to  extin- 
guish  the  fire.  On  a  lofty  tower  of  the  gate  the 
women  are  seen  tearing  their  hair  in  the  agony  of 
despair,  while  the  men  are  still  making  strenuous 
efforts  to  defend  the  city.  Beneath  the  towers  of  the 
gate  are  two  men  disputing  the  possessi(m  of  a  trea- 
sure which  they  have  discovered  while  undermining 
the  wall.  Xotwithstanding  the  resolute  defense,  the 
outer  works  ajtpear  to  be  fatally  bombarded,  and  the 
pc'jple  are  falling  from  the  walls  in  every  direction. 
Further  on,  a  mnnber  of  women  and  a  boy  are  being 
led  into  captivity  by  a  s<jldier.     The  women  are  bare- 


'.->? 

x^'^ 


u) 


i 


•/a\ 


-^sT" 


229 


i-\      --' 


footed,  and  wear  lon^  robes  peculiarly  ornameiitod  ; 
around  their  necks  are  scarfs,  and  their  hair  liau^'s 
over  their  shoulders  in  lon<^  tresses,  which  they  arc 
tearinir  in  despair.  "I  will  cast  thee  out  and  the 
mother  that  bare  thee  into  another  country.  For  lo  ! 
our  fathers  have  fallen  by  the  sword,  and  our  sons, 
and  our  daughters,  and  our  wives  are  in  captivity." 
This  piece  of  history  doubtless  represents  the  reali- 
zation of  the  prophecy  of  Amos — "  and  the  people  of 
Syria*  shall  go  into  captivity  unto  Kir,  saith  the 
Lord."  "  For  the  king  of  Assyria  went  up  against 
Damascus  and  took  it,  and  carried  the  people  of  it 
captive  to  Kir,  and  slew  Rezin."  The  situation  of 
Damascus  resembles  that  here  represented  ;  and  the 
liquid  lire  used  by  the  besieged  was  doubtless  the 
petroleum  with  which  that  country  abounds. 

In  another  representation  is  seen  the  fate  which 
befell  Zedekiah,  king  of  Judah,  as  recorded  in  the 
second  book  of  Kings.  In  the  centre  of  the  group 
stands  the  king ;  before  him  are  three  pei'sons,  the 
foremost  of  whom  is  on  his  knees  imploring  mercy, 
and  the  two  others  standing  in  a  humble  position. 
The  king  is  represented  thrusting  the  point  of  a  spear 
into  one  of  the  eyes  of  the  suppliant,  while  he  holds 
in  his  left  hand  the  end  of  a  cord  attached  to  rings 
in  the  under  lips  of  all  the  captives,  who  are  likewise 
both  manacled  and  fettered ;  and  above  their  heads  a 
cuneatic  inscription — perhaps  the  very  words  of  their 
supplication  for  mercy. 

in  another  historical  chamber  is  represented  a  for- 

*  Syria  should  not  be  confounded  with  Assyria,  as  they  are 
different  countries. 


""ill-         -^       "  '  ■  ■    ^      l"     I  ■■■  I  MM  llir^~~"n'""'"^  ~ -■      -  r 


f 


6 

4 

Hit 


w 


f 

'  J, 

m 


7V'' 


tifiod  city,  built  upon  a  considerable  elevation,  oppo- 
site to  which  is  a  still  higher  hill,  surmounted  by  a 
castellated  tower,  from  the  base  of  which  a  narrow 
stream  flows  down  into  the  valley  that  separates  the 
two  hills.  It  is  especially  to  be  observed  that  olive- 
trees  are  <rrowinj;  on  the  hill  on  which  is  the  tower  ; 
and  t)n  the  hill  in  the  city  is  a  walk  or  road,  about 
half-way  up,  below  which,  and  at  the  side  of  the 
stream,  is  a  row  of  tombs.  The  relative  situation  of 
these  objects  exactly  resembles  the  position  of  sinu- 
lar  objects  visible  in  approaching  Jerusalem  from  the 
east.  On  the  left  is  Mount  Moriah  and  the  hi,^h 
wall  of  the  Temple  ;  at  the  foot,  the  bro(jk  Kedron 
and  the  tombs  of  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat;  and 
on  the  right,  the  Mount  of  Olives. 

In  a  hall  occupied  by  representations  of  divinities, 
is  one  which  appears  to  bo  connected  with  the  wor- 
ship of  the  Assyrian  Yenus,  or  Astarte.  Lucian  be- 
lieves it  to  be  identical  with  the  Moon,  or  queen  of 
heaven.  From  the  situation  of  this  frieze  in  the 
deepest  recess  of  the  chamber,  and  from  its  having  a 
square  slab  of  g^•]1sum  in  the  pavement  before  it, 
with  a  hole  connnunicating  with  a  drain,  there  can 
be  but  little  doubt  that  some  mysterious  rites  were 
enacted  before  it. 

In  another  place  is  a  representation  of  cavalry  in 
pursuit  of  an  enemy ;  another  scene  of  pursuit  and 
flight,  two  horsemen  armed  with  spears,  and  wearing 
the  conical  cap,  are  pursuing  one  whose  horse  is 
fallen.  Behind  is  a  falling  figure  ;  overhead  is  a 
vulture,  bearing  evidence  of  having  preyed  upon 
the  slain. 


7^   '    ' 

i 


Yi^\ 


\^j 


ii 


I 


/; 


I 


n_j 


^> 


2;5i 


In  all  the  sculptures  and  rcprcBentaticjns,  thcBwift- 
ness  of  the  horses,  and  the  ferocity  of  their  riders,  is 
particnlarl}^  portrayed.  "'  Their  horses  also  are  swift- 
er than  the  leopards,  and  more  fierce  than  the  even- 
ing wolves  :  and  their  horsemen  shall  spread  them- 
selves, and  their  horsemen  shall  comp  from  far;  they 
shall  fly  as  the  eagle  that  hasteth  to  eat."  The  Clial 
dean  cavalry  were  proverbial  for  swiftness,  courage, 
and  cruelty. 

Among  the  most  important  discoveries  in  the  ruins 
of  IS'ineveh,  is  the  black  obelisk  found  in  the  nortli- 
west  palace  at  Nimrud.  This  obelisk  furnishes  a 
chapter  of  the  long-lost  history  of  the  Assyrian 
empire,  and  a  specimen  of  the  style  of  writing  of 
that  period. 

The  inscription  on  it  gives  nearly  a  complete 
history  of  the  reign  of  Shalmaneser,  son  of  Sar- 
danapalus,  comprising  a  period  of  thirty-one  yeare, 
dating  fi'om  891  b.  c.  It  is  given  in  the  language 
of  the  king  himself,  and  commences  with  the  follow- 
ing declaration :  "  This  is  the  palace  of  Sardana- 
palus,  the  humble  worshiper  of  Assarac  and  Belt  is." 
Then  follows  an  invocation  to  several  deities,  with 
Assarac  at  their  head,  as  the  supreme  god  of  Heaven. 
The  king  gives  his  titles  and  then  says  : — "  At  the 
commencement  of  my  reign,  after  that  I  was  estab- 
lished on  the  throne,  I  assembled  the  chiefs  of  my 
people  and  came  down  into  the  plains  of  Esmcs, 
^vhere  I  took  the  city  of  llaridu,  the  chief  city  belong- 
ing to  Nakharini.  In  the  first  year  of  my  reign,  I 
crossed  the  upper  Euphrates,  and  ascended  to  the 
tribes  who  worshiped  the   god   Ilusi ;  my  servanta 


i 


m 

!'  t 


fVrl' 


n 


l'Ml' 


i:'^ 


erected  altars  in  that  land  to  my  gods.  Then  1 
went  on  to  the  land  of  Khaniana,  where  1  founded 
pahu-es,  cities,  and  temples.  1  went  on  to  the  land 
of  Malar,  and  there  1  established  the  woi-ship  of  my 
kingdom. 

"  In  the  second  year,  I  went  up  to  the  city  of  Tel 
J»ai*asl)a,  and  occupied  the  cities  of  Alnini,  eon  of 
llateni.  1  shut  him  up  in  his  city.  1  then  crossed 
the  Euphrates,  and  occupied  the  cities  of  Dabagu 
and  Ahurta,  belonging  to  the  Sheta,  together  with 
the  cities  which  were  dependent  on  them. 

"  In  the  third  year  Ahuni,  son  of  llateni,  rebelled 
against  me,  and  having  become  independent,  estab- 
lished his  scat  of  govenmient  in  the  city  of  Tel  Ua- 

rasba Then  I  went  out  from  the  city  of 

Nineveh,  and  crossed  the  Euphrates.  I  attacked  and 
defeated  Ahuni  in  the  city  of  Sitrat,  which  was  situ- 
ated up  the  Euphrates,  and  which  Ahuni  the  son  of 
llateni  had  made  one  of  his  capitals.  The  rest  of 
the  country  I  brought  under  subjection,  and  Ahuni, 
son  of  llateni,  with  his  gods,  and  his  chief  priests, 
his  horses,  his  sons,  and  his  daughtei'S,  and  all  his 
men  of  war,  I  brought  away  to  my  country  of 
Assyria. 

''  In  the  fifth  year  I  went  up  to  the  country  of  Aby- 
ari  ;  1  to<»k  eleven  great  cities  ;  I  jjesieged  Akitta  of 
Erri,  in  his  city,  and  received  his  tribute. 

"In  the  sixth  year  I  went  out  from  tlie  city  of 
Xineveh,  and  proceeded  to  the  country  situated  on 
the  river  Belek.  The  ruler  of  this  country  having 
resisted  my  authority,  I  displaced  him,  and  appointed 
Tisimba  to  be  lord  oi  the  district ;  and  T  fluTo  (>sfal)- 


^-c 


I 


f 


Wf 


m 


Hslicd  tlic  Assyrian  sway From  the  city 

of  Umen  I  went  out  and  came  to  the  city  of  Uarliani. 
Tlicn  Ilem-ithra  of  the  country  of  Atesh,  and  Arhu- 
lena,  of  Ilanmth,  and  the  kings  of  Sheta,  and  the 
tribes  that  were  in  alliance  with  theni,  arose;  settin;^' 
their  forces  in  battle  array,  they  came  against  me. 
By  the  grace  of  Assarac,  the  great  and  i)Owerful  god, 
I  fought  with  them,  and  defeated  tiiem  ;  25,0(»U  of 
their  men  I  slew  in  battle,  or  carried  away  into 
slaver}'.  Their  leaders,  their  captains,  and  their  men 
of  war  I  put  in  chains. 

"  In  the  seventh  year  I  proceeded  to  the  counti-y  be- 
longing to  Ivhabui  of  Tcl-ati,  the  chief  city  of  Tel-uti, 
which  was  his  chief  place,  and  the  towns  which  wei-e 
dependent  (m  it  I  captured  and  gave  up  to  pillai,'e. 
I  went  out  from  the  city  of  Tel-ati,  and  came  to  the 
land  watered  by  the  head  streams  which  form  the 
Tigris.  The  priests  of  Assarac  in  that  land  raised 
altars  to  the  immortal  gods.  I  appointed  priests  to 
reside  in  the  land  to  pay  adoration  to  Assarac,  the 
great  and  powerful  god,  and  to  jireside  over  the  na- 
tional worship 

"In  the  eighth  year,  against  Sut  Baba,  king  of 
Taha-Dunis,  appeared  Sut-I3el  Uerat,  and  his  fol- 
lowers  

"  In  the  ninth  year  a  second  time  I  went  up  to 
Armenia,  and  took  the  city  of  Lunanta.  I'y  the 
assistance  of  the  .gods  Assarac  and  Sut,  I  obtained 
possession  of  Sut  Bel-herat,  in  the  city  of  Umen — 1 
put  him  in  chains.  Afterwards  Sut  Bel-hemt, 
together  with  his  followers,  I  condemned  to  slavery. 
Then  I  went  down  to  Sliinar,  and  in  the  city  of 


.'V  1 


m 


s 


l^ 


Shinar,  of  Borsippa,  and  of  Ketika  I  erected  altars. 
and  founded  tenii)les  to  the  ^reat  jj^uds 

"  In  the  tenth  year,  for  the  eighth  time,  I  crossed  the 
Euphrates.  I  tix>k  the  cities  belonging  to  Ara-lum  of 
the  town  of  Shahnnas,  and  gave  them  up  to  pillage.  .  . 
.  .  .  Itotik  the  city  of  Arnia,  which  was  the  ca]>ital  of 
the  country,  and  I  gave  np  to  pillage  100  of  the  de- 
pendent towns.  I  slew  the  wicked,  and  carried  off 
the  treasures.  At  this  time  Ilem-ithra,  king  of 
Atesh,  Arhulena,  king  of  Ilamatli,  and  the  twelve 
kings  of  the  tribes  who  were  in  alliance  with  tliem, 
came  forth,  arraying  their  f<.trces  against  me.  They 
met  me,  and  Ave  fought  a  battle,  in  which  I  defeated 
them,  making  prisoners  of  their  leaders,  and  their 
captains,  and  their  men  of  war,  and  putting  them 
in  chains 

"  In  the  thirteenth  year  1  descended  to  the  plains 
dependent  on  the  city  of  Assar-animet.  I  went  to 
the  district  of  Yata.  I  took  the  forts,  slaying  the 
evil-disposed,  and  carrying  off  all  the  wealth  of  the 
country 

"  In  the  sixteenth  year  1  crossed  the  river  Zab,  and 
went  against  the  country  of  the  Arians.  Set  Mesitek, 
king  of  the  Arians,  I  put  in  chains,  and  brought  his 
•snves,  and  warriore,  and  his  gods,  captives  to  my 
country  of  Assyria ;  and  I  appointed  Yanvu,  the 
son  of  Ivhanab,  to  be  king  over  the  country  in  his 
place. •         • 

'-In  the  twenty -fii-st  year,  for  the  twentieth 
time,  I  crossed  the  Eui)liratep,  and  again  went 
np  to  the  country  of  Khazakan  of  Atesh.  I  occu- 
pied his  territory,  and  while  there  received  tribute 


-7:^-^r^- 


•9V,-^w 


_      »- 


}Q. 


i 


^/ 


m 


■S 


2;]6 


from   the   countries    of    Tt/ir,    of    iSulon,   and    of 

"Ill  the  twcnty-Becond  year,  for  Iho  twenty-first 
time,  I  crossed  the  Eupliiates,  and  marched  to  the 
country  of  Tubal.  Then  I  received  the  submission 
of  the  twenty-four  kings  of  Tubal 

"  In  the  twenty-third  year  I  again  crossed  the  En- 
]>hrates,  and  captured  the  city  of  lluidara,  the  strong- 
hold of  Ellal  of  Meliida;  and  tlie  kings  of  Tubal 
again  came  in  to  me,  and  I  received  their  tribute. 

"  In  the  twenty-fourth  year  I  crossed  the  river  Zab, 
and  passing  away  from  the  land  of  Kharkhar,  went 
up  to  the  country  of  the  Arians.  Yanvu,  whom  I 
had  made  king  of  the  Arians,  had  thrown  off  his 
allegiance,  so  I  put  him  in  chains. 

"  I  then  went  out  from  the  land  of  the  Arians  and 
received  the  tribute  of  the  twenty-seven  kings  of 
the  Persians.  Afterwards  I  removed  from  the  Per- 
sians and  entered  the  territory  of  the  Medes,  going  on 

to   Ratsir  anti  Kharkhar I   established 

the  authority  of  my  empire  in  the  city  of  Kharkhar. 
Yanvu,  the  son  of  Khaban,  with  his  wives  and  his 
gods,  and  his  sons  and  his  daughters,  his  servants, 
and  all  his  property,  I  carried  away  captive  into  my 
country  of  Assyria 

"  In  the  thirtieth  year,  whilst  I  was  still  residing 
in  the  city  of  Calath,  I  summoned  Detarassar,  the 
general  of  my  army,  and  sent  liim  forth  to  war  in 
command  of  my  cohorts  and  forces. 

"  lluelka,  of  Minni,  had  thrown  off  his  allegiance, 
and  declared  himself  independent,  establishing  Ida 
seat  of  government  in   the   city  of  Tsiharta.     My 


!;^i 


\ 


r.  ,. 


0, 

A* 

f 

i  > 


--s=^ 


*><r*J^:  ^''  *^^<r~^rO"-^-v^' 


•\ '- 1 


m\ 


i.*' 


236 

general  therefore  put  him  in  chains,  and  carried  niT 
his  flocks  and  herds,  and  all  his  property,  and  gave 
his  cities  over  to  pillage. 

"  In  tlie  thiity-tiiiJt  year,  a  second  time  whilst  1 
abode  in  the  city  of  Calah,  occupied  in  the  worsliip  of 
the  gods  Assarac,  Hem,  and  Nebo,  I  summoned  the 
general  of  my  army,  Detarassar  of  Ittana,  and  I  sent 
him  forth  to  war,  in  command  of  my  troops  and  co- 
horts, lie  went  out  accordingly,  in  the  lii-st  place  to 
the  territories  of  Daten  of  Iluljiska,  and  received  his 
tribute ;  then  he  proceeded  to  Enseri,  the  capital  city 
of  the  country  of  the  Bazatsera,  and  he  occui)ieJ 
the  city  of  Enseri  and  the  thij-ty-six  other  towns  of 
the  country  of  Bazatsera.  And  he  afterwards  moved 
to  the  country  of  the  Arians,  M-hcre,  by  the  help  of 
the  gods  Assarac  and  Sut,  he  captured  their  cities, 
and  continued  his  march  to  the  country  of  Kharets, 
taking  and  despoiling  250  towns,  until  at  length  he 
descended  into  the  plain  of  Esmes,  above  the  city  of 
Uuieu." 


RELICS. 

Many  curious  relics  have  been  discovered  among 
the  ruins  of  Nineveh.  At  Nimrud  fragments  of 
bronze  furniture  were  found  belonging  to  the  palace 
— terra-cotta  vases,  some  of  which  were  glazed  witli 
a  blue  ritrified  substance  ;  three  enjrraved  c-vlinders 
or  rolling  seals,  one  of  which  is  of  transparent 
glass;  a  silver  ring;  fragments  of  ivory,  delicately 
carved,  some  being  gilt.  i\Iany  pjiiiited  bricks  were 
fotirifl,   pome  of  them   cvlindrical  in  form.      On   the 


•c  •  V- 


:^ 


i  I 


J 


7      •.! 


yj 


i 


^ 


H 


^  ' 


^ 


M 


i 


ri 


I 


'\V//iii 


237 

sides  of  tliesG  Lricks  were  6tam]t('(]  cuiioifonii  wiit- 
iiigs,  showing  that  a  very  near  approach  to  the  art  «>1' 
printing  was  made  by  the  AssyrianB  over  3000  years 
ago.  Besides  the  letters  on  the  bricks,  thei-e  was  dis- 
covered on  one  of  them  the  foot])rints  of  a  weasel, 
which  must  have  sported  over  tiie  brick  before  it  had 
been  baked.  Thus  the  little  animal  and  the  niighty 
king  had  stamped  the  record  of  their  existence  on 
the  same  pieee  of  clay. 

In  excavating  in  the  mound  Khorsabad  a  large 
gate  was  discovered,  which  appears  to  have  been  one 
of  the  entrances  to  the  city;  two  long  rows  of  columnp, 
also  the  cellar  of  the  palace,  containing  regular  rows 
of  jars,  which  had  the  appearance  of  having  been 
filled  with  wine,  for  at  the  bottom  of  the  jars  thert 
was  a  deposit  of  a  violet  color.  In.another  place  cop- 
per nails,  of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  were  found, 
which  doubtless  belonged  to  the  roof,  ae  some  ol 
them  had  undergone  the  action  of  fire  when  the  roof 
was  burned,  and  were  partially  melted.  A  ring  was 
found  fixed  in  the  wall  above  a  bronzed  lion.  A 
fragment  of  a  circle  was  also  found,  which  was  doubt- 
less a  part  of  a  wheel,  as  on  its  hiside  the  ends  of 
spokes  are  still  to  be  seen.  One  of  the  courts  was 
paved  with  square  kiln-baked  bricks,  on  which  was 
stamped  a  cuneatic  inscription  containing  the  luimo 
of  the  king  m^io  built  the  palace.  Jiefore  the  tlirec 
doors  of  the  fa9ade  forming  the  porch  are  holes  the 
size  of  one  of  the  bricks,  and  about  14  inches  in  depth. 
These  holes  ai-e  lined  M'ith  tiles,  and  have  a  ledge 
round  the  inside,  so  that  they  might  be  covered  by 
one  of  the  bricks  without  betraying  the  existence  erf 


i 


r._a 


^rC^^=^ 


i) 


238 

the  cavitv.  In  these  cavities  were  fouud  small  images 
of  baked  clay  of  frightful  aspect,  some  with  a  human 
head  and  a  lion's  body,  othei-s  with  a  lynx's  head  and 
human  body. 

At  the  entrances  of  temples  aud  palaces  were  found 
— lii-st,  eitlier  symbolic  bulls  or  winged  divinities,  on 
which  were  long  inscriptions,  always  the  same — prob- 
ably incantations  or  prayers,  followed  by  the  aforemen- 
tioned secret  cavities,  in  which  images  of  a  compound 
character  were  hidden.  Thus  the  sacred  and  tlic 
royal  precincts  were  trebly  guarded  by  divinities,  in- 
scriptions, aud  liidden  gods,  from  theapi)roach  of  any 
subtle  spirit,  or  more  palpable  enemy  that  might 
have  escaped  the  vigilance  of  the  guard. 

In  a  floor  beneath  a  mystic  basso-relievo  was  found 
a  slab  10  feet  by  8,  and  two  feet  thick,  which  was 
ascended  by  steps,  the  sides  being  inscribed,  and 
appeared  to  have  been  used  in  connection  with  some 
sacrilice.  Around  the  slab  was  a  conduit,  to  carry  off 
the  blood  of  the  victim,  and  under  the  stone  there 
were  found  some  bones,  and  some  fragments  of  gold 
leaf.  Besides  this  there  were  two  other  hollowed 
s«puire  stones,  in  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the 
chamber. 

The  gi-ound  on  which  the  city  of  Mosul  stands  is 
also  a  part  of  the  site  of  Kineveh  ;  and  here  too  are 
several  mounds  of  ruins — the  sculptures  and  inscribed 
slabs  from  which  have  been  used  as  building  mate- 
rial by  the  natives;  but  the  authorities  have  not  yet 
permitted  an  examination  to  be  made  here. 

Jieker  EfTendi,  while  digging  in  the  mound  Koii- 
ytnijik  forst(»neto  build  the  bridge  at  ]\r«>-^iiK  f'»und  ;i 


bs 

k^"^ 


m 

k 

m 


J 
J 


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Tr' 


J.  .S^-^'-^S^^.;-^. 


UUGliS. 


DIVINATION   CUP. 


V 


4v 


/;v 


u 


^ 


.1  i 


sepulchral  chainbor  in  which  wns  nn  inscription, 
and  anion^:;  the  ruhbish  the  following  articled:  A 
woman's  (khal  khal)  ankle  hracclet,  of  silver  cord 
with  turquoise,  colored  with  rust ;  a  bracelet  of 
i;old  beads,  quite  perf.'.t  ;  nnd  some  pieces  of 
engraved  agate. 

Among  the  latest  discoveries  made  at  Nineveh 
are  those  by  Layard  in  the  mound'  Ximrud.  He 
effected  an  entrance  into  the  old  Niinnul  j^alai-e, 
where  he  found  an  extraordinary  collection  of  relics 
— swords,  shields,  bowls,  crowns,  caldrons,  onm- 
ments  in  ivory  and  mother-of-pearl.  The  vessels  were 
formed  of  a  kind  of  bronze,  some  of  them  perfectly 
preserved,  and  as  bright  as  gold  when  the  rust  was 
removed.  The  engraving  and  embossing  on  them 
comprise  mystic  subjects,  and  are  very  elaborate  and 
beautiful.  In  excavating  iii  another  part  of  this 
mound,  he  penetrated  a  mass  of  masonry,  within 
which  he  discovered  the  tomb  and  statue  of  Sarda- 
napalus,  accompanied  by  full  annals  of  that  moiuin-h's 
reign  engraved  on  the  walls.  He  also  found  tablets 
of  all  sorts — all  of  them  being  historical.  V>\\t  the 
crowning  discovery  made  by  Layard  was  in  the  mound, 
Kouyunjik.  The  great  palace  there  had  evidently 
been  destroyed  by  tii-e,  but  one  portion  of  this  editico 
seemed  to  have  escaped  its  intluonee  ;  aiul  in  exca- 
vating in  that  part,  he  found  a  large  nnmi  tilled 
with  what  appeared  to  be  the  archives  of  the  empire, 
ranged  in  successive  tablets  of  terra  cotta,  the  writ- 
ings being  as  perfect  as  when  the  tablets  were  lii-st 
stamped.  They  were  piled  in  huge  heaps  from 
the  floor  to  the  ceiling.     From  the  ]u-ogress  already 


'/ 


Kil 


made  in  rending  tlie  inscriptions,  the  contents  of  these 
tablets  will  doubtless  be  made  out.  There  is  a  pas- 
sage in  the  hook  of  Ezra,  where  the  Jeics,  hai'iiKj 
been  diaturhed  in  huihUng  the  temjtle, prayed  that 
search  might  he  made  in  the  house  of  records  for  th<. 
edict  of  Cyrus, permitting  them  to  return  to  Jeru- 
salem. The  chamber  above  mentioned  might  be 
presumed  to  be  the  house  of  records  of  the  Assyrian 
kings,  where  copies  of  the  royal  edicts  were  didy  de- 
iwsited. 

The  condition  of  the  ruins  of  Nineveh  is  hinrhly 
corroborative  of  the  sudden  destruction  that  came 
upon  that  city  by  fire  and  sword,  and  the  representa 
tions  and  inscriptions  found  on  the  walls  of  tlie  many 
chambere  and  courts  afford  a  strong  confirmation  of 
the  prophecies.  "  Then  shall  the  fire  devour  thee, 
tlie  sword  shall  cut  thee  off."  It  is  evident  from  the 
ruins  tbat  the  city  was  first  sacked  and  then  set  on 
fire.  "  She  is  empty  and  void,  and  waste."  "  For  the 
stone  shall  cry  out  of  the  wall,  and  the  beam  out  of 
the  timber  shall  answer  it.  Woe  to  him  that  buildeth 
a  town  with  blood  and  establislieth  a  city  by  iniquity" 
— the  latter  prophecy  unmistakably  indicating  the 
raj)acity  and  cruelty  of  the  Assyrian  nation. 

The  veritable  descendants  of  the  ancient  inlialii- 
tants  of  Assyria  and  Nineveh  are  found  in  the 
Chaldean  or  Nestorian  tribes,  inhabiting  tlie  moun 
tains  of  Kurdistan,  and  villages  in  the  noighltorhood 
of  the  ruins  of  Nineveh.  Most  of  the  so-called  Arabs 
here  are  also  descendants  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  ol 
tlie  ]>rovinceR  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  These  peo]»l( 
still  pjH'ak  a  Sbcinitic  dialect,  almost  identical  with 


■J 


i'li 


* 


v. 


II 


-XT 


i3ai-r 


L>43 

tho  Chaldce  of   Daniel  and  Ezra.     Tli.-lr   physi.vil 
character  also  marks  them  as  tho  winic  i-ace. 

Alth(.n-h  the  soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  and  capahle  of 
snstainin-  a  vast  popnlation,  still  a  cni-se  appears  to 
hang  over  the  land,  and  the  number  of  its  inhal.i- 
tants  is  yearly  diminishing,  so  that  there  seems  t,i  h(, 
no  prospect  that  for  generations  to  come  this  once 
favored  country  will  be  other  than  a  wilderness. 


DAMASCUS. 

ITS    GREAT   ANTIQUITY— A    SKETCH    OF   ITS    niSTORY— ITS 
SINGULAR    ANCIENT   RUINS. 

This  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  world  still  standiuir, 
and  was  an  ancient  city  in  the  time  of  Christ.  For 
over  four  thousand  years  Damascus  has  been  a  spec- 
tator of  the  events  of  the  world.  She  takes  note  of 
time  not  by  months  or  years,  but  by  the  kingdoms 
and  empires  she  has  seen  rise,  flourish,  and  pass  awav. 
From  villages  she  saw  Baalbek,  Thebes,  and  Ephcsns 
grow  into  cities  that  amazed  the  world  with  their 
size  and  grandeur— then  witnessed  their  decay  an<l 
desolation,  and  saw  their  ruins  inhabited  by'  owls 
and  bats.  She  saw  the  kingdom  of  Isi-acl  rise,  estab- 
lish its  capital  at  Jerusalem,  become  mighty,  build  the 
wonderful  Temple  of  Solomon,  and  she  saw  it  anni- 
hilated. She  witnessed  the  advent  of  Greece  amoiii; 
the  nations  of  the  earth — witnessed  her  career  of 
two  thousand  years ;  then  saw  her  perish.  In  her » 'Ul 
age  Damascus  saw  Eome  built,  the  IJdinan  Empire 


I 


VJ"^-^-^f 


244 

rise  and  overshadow  the  world  with  its  power,  then 
t?aw  it  perish.  She  has  noted  the  rise  and  fall  of  u 
thonsjind  of  empires,  and  will  doubtless  see  the  tombs 
of  a  thousand  more. 

Accordini^  to  Josephus,  Damascus  was  founded  by 
Uz,  s<->n  of  Aram,  grandson  of  Shem,  and  although  it 
dates  so  far  back  in  the  history  of  the  world,  still  but 
little  is  known  of  this  city  until  the  time  of  David, 

1<'4:1   B.  c. 

Damascus  was  fonnerly  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Syria,  and  in  the  reign  of  David  the  Syrians  of 
Damascus  came  to  assist  lladadezer,  with  whom 
David  was  at  war,  but  were  completely  defeated,  and 
their  territory  garrisoned  with  Israelites  by  David. 
In  Solomon's  time,  however,  the  Syrians  threw  off 
the  foreign  yoke,  and  in  a  few  generations  became  a 
formidable  rival  of  Isi-ael. 

The  two  Benhadads — father  and  son — waged  long 
and  bloody  wars  with  the  kings  of  Israel,  and  when 
Ilazael  killed  his  master  and  seized  the  throne  of 
Damascus,  it  fared  still  worse  with  the  Israel itish 
territories.  lie  defeated  the  united  forces  of  Israel 
and  Judah,  seized  the  country  east  of  the  Jordan, 
made  the  kinjij  of  Israel  his  tributarv,  and  even  levied 
a  contribution  on  Jerusalem. 

In  New  Testament  history,  Damascus  is  chiefly  cel- 
e])rated  as  having  been  the  scene,  not  j)recisely  of  St. 
Paul's  c<»n version,  but  of  his  residence  for  a  short 
time  after  his  conversion,  and  his  lii-st  labors  in  the 
cause  of  Christ.  At  that  time  the  city  contained  a 
large  Jewish  jioj»ulation.  Afterwards  it  became  the 
seat  of  a  Christian  bishop,  who  ranked  next  in  that 


,P 


B 


.^ 


■cr 


fss«***5?»£5?^ 


y^^s^wm 


ANCIENT  WALLS  OF  DAMASCUS. 


DAMASCUS,   FROM  SALAHIYEH. 


247 


quarter  to  the  patriarcli  of  Autioch,  nud  amou"  the 
bisliops  who  took  part  in  the  Council  of  Nice  (a.  d. 
325)  was  Masj^nus  of  Damascus.  lUit  in  process  of 
time  the  Christian  inlhience  in  Damascus  wafi  over- 
shadowed by  the  Mohammedan,  a.  n.  G35,  the  citv 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Klialif  Omar — the  Klialifs  of 
the  house  of  Ommyah  even  fixed  their  residence  iu 
it — so  tliat  Damascus  again  became  the  capital  of  a 
powerful  empire.  For  nearly  a  century  it  sent  forth 
armies  that  S})read  terror  from  the  plains  of  Langue- 
doc  to  those  of  Hindustan.  But  the  dynasty  of  the 
Ommyades  at  length  gave  way  to  that  of  the  Abas- 
sides,  which  fixed  its  seat  at  Uagdad  and  governed 
Damascus  by  a  prefect.  Subsequently,  the  city  shared 
iu  the  manifold  vicissitudes  M'hich  passed  over  the 
provinces  of  "Western  Asia,  till  a.  d.  1516,  when  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  Sultan  Selim  I. ;  from  which 
time  it  has  remained  under  the  sway  of  Turkey — the 
head  of  a  large  pashalic,  and  the  most  populous  and 
flourishing  city  in  Asiatic  Turkey. 

In  tenacity  of  existence,  and  the  power  of  retain- 
ing a  certain  measure  of  prosperity  under  all  dynas- 
ties, and  through  the  most  varied  successions  of  for- 
tune, this  city  stands  unrivaled  in  the  world's  history. 

Damascus  is  150  miles  n.  e.  of  Jerusalem,  and  is 
situated  in  a  plain  at  the  foot  of  the  most  eastern 
range  of  Anti-Libanus — 2300  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  which  gives  it  a  temperate  climate  and  cool 
breezes.  The  plain  in  which  the  city  stands  is  50 
miles  in  circumference — open  to  the  desert  of  Arabia 
on  the  south  and  east,  and  bounded  on  the  north  and 
west  by  the  mountains. 


i 

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The  river  Barada  (ancient  Abana")  and  its  branches 
run  thR)U:,'h  the  city — which,  witli  the  river  Pluirpur, 
water  and  render  very  fertile  a  tract  of  country  30 
miles  in  extent.  The  traveler,  approaching  Damas- 
cus from  any  direction,  is  fascinated  by  the  view. 
In  the  midst  of  a  vast  plain  is  seen  an  island  of  deej) 
verdure,  walnuts  and  ai>ricots  waving  above, — corn 
and  gniss  below,  and  in  the  midst  of  this  mass  of 
foliage  Damascus,  with  its  white  streets  and  lofty 
minarets.  It  is  the  most  j)in-ely  Oriental  city  remain- 
ing of  all  that  are  named  in  the  IJible.  Its  puljlie 
buildings  and  buzai-s  are  line;  and  many  jtrivate 
dwellings,  though  outwardly  mean,  are  decorated 
within  in  a  style  of  the  most  costly  luxury.  Its  j)osi- 
tion  has  made  it  from  the  first  a  connnercial  city. 
The  cloth  called  damask  originated  here  ;  the  Damask 
rose  is  a  native  ;  and  Daimiscus  steel  has  never  been 
equaled.  It  still  carries  on  an  extensive  traffic  in 
woven  stuffs  of  silk  and  cotton,  in  fine  iidaid  cabinet 
work,  in  leather,  fruits,  sweet-meats,  and  evei-y 
branch  of  Eastern  commerce.  For  this  purpose, 
huge  caravans  assemble  here  at  intervals,  and  traverse 
as  of  old  the  desert  routes  to  remote  cities.  Here, 
t<x>,  is  a  chief  gathering-place  of  pilgrims  from  the 
north  to  Mecca. 

The  principal  street  is  the  one  whieh  tradition 
claims  is  the  street  called  Straight  in  the  Bible,  and  in 
which  Saul  took  up  his  altode  after  his  conversion. 
This  street  runs  through  the  city  nearly  east  and  west, 
and  is  about  a  mile  in  length.  It  is  not  now  l>y  any 
Micans  what  it  was  in  ancient  times.  In  the  Roman 
age,  and  up  to  the  time  of  the  ]\Iohaiimie<lan  con- 


>):>i/7:Vr%^ 


fi<S\ 


VI 


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L'l'J 


quest,  it  was  a  noble  street,  extcndinnr  tliroii<^'li  fho 
city  much  longer  and  wider  than  at  i)reseiit.     It  wiw 
divided  by  Coriuthian  colpnnude.s  into  throe  avenues, 
opposite  and  corresponding  to  the  three  portals.   The 
remains  of  these  colonnades  have  hocn  tra(-ed  over  ii 
third  of  the  length  of  the  street.     Wherever  excava- 
tions are  made  in  the  line  of  the  street,  bases  of  col- 
umns are  found,  and  fragments  of  sliafts  lying  pros- 
trate under  accumulated  rubl)is]i.     This  street  wjis 
like  those   seen  in   Palmyra   and   Jerash ;   but   the 
devastations  of  war,  and  the  vandalism  of  Turkish 
rulers,  have  destroyed  most  of  its  ancient  grandeur. 
Saul  of  Tarsus  was  particularly  bitter  against  the 
then  new  sect  called  Christians,  and  started  on  a  cru- 
sade against  them.    lie  went  forth  "  breathing  tlireat- 
enings  and  slaughter  against  the  disciples  of  the  Lord." 
"And  as  he  journeyed  he  came  near  Damascns, 
and  suddenly  there  sinned  round  about  him  a  liglit 
from  heaven.     And  he  fell  to  the  earth  and  heard  a 
voice  saying  unto  him,  '  Saul,  Saul,  why  persecutest 
thou  me  ? '     And  when  he  knew  that  it  was  Jesus  that 
spoke  to  him  he  trembled,  and  was  astonished,  and  said, 
'Lord,  what  wilt  thou  have  me  to  do  ? ' "    He  was  told 
to  enter  the  city,  and  one  would  tell  him  what  to  do. 
Saul  rose  up  and  found  that  he  was  blind,  so  "  they  led 
him  by  the  hand  and  brought  him  to  Damascus,  where 
he  lay  three  days  blind  in  the  house  of  Judas  *  (which 
was  in  the  street  called  Straight),  during  which  tirao 
he  neither  ate  nor  drank.     Then  there  came  a  voice 
to  Ananias,  saying,  '  Arise  and  go  into  the  street  called 
Straight,  and  inquire  at  the  house  of  Judas  for  (>no 
*  Not  the  Judas  who  betrayed  his  Master. 


P 


tV-, 


n n 


<«<  / 


250 

oiiUed  Saul  of  Tui-sus ;  for  behold  lie  pravoth.  " 
Ananias  went  as  ordered,  found  Paul,  and  ordained 
him  to  preach.  At  a  short  distance  from  tlie  street 
called  Strai^dit  is  the  reputed  house  of  Ananias,  and 
in  a  part  of  it  is  a  room  some  l-t  feet  under  ground, 
the  masonry  of  which  beare  evidence  of  great  an- 
ti(|uity,  and  is  doubtless  a  part  of  the  house  of  Ana- 
nias. The  house  of  Xaaman  is  also  pointed  out. 
Xaaman  was  commander  of  the  Syrian  armies,  but 
was  a  leper.  The  house  said  to  have  been  his,  is  now 
a  hospital  for  lepei-s, 

^Vinong  the  most  important  public  structures  is  the 
castle  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  city,  and  above  all  the 
great  Mosque  of  the  Ommyades,  which  was  originally 
a  heathen  temple,  and  afterwards  the  church  of 
tSf.  Jiihn  the  Bajttut.  It  occupies  a  quadrangle  of 
4S9  feet  by  324 ;  is  of  various  styles  of  architecture, 
divided  into  naves  and  aisles  by  Corinthian  pillai-s; 
has  a  floor  of  tesselated  marble,  and  three  minarets. 
Besides  tliis  there  are  SO  smaller  mosques,  the  domes 
and  minarets  of  which  are  among  the  chief  archi- 
tectural ornaments  of  the  city. 

The  Gates  of  the  city  are  the  Gate  of  the  Camels, 
leading  to  the  Arabs'  rendezvous ;  the  Paradise 
(iate,  a  large  gate  with  a  gloomy  archwav  leading 
into  a  bustling  bazar,  near  the  centre  of  the  south 
wall,  and  ''  Bab  Tooina"  or  Gate  of  Thonuis,  so  called 
in  memory  of  the  brave  Christian  cham])ion  who  so 
nobly  withstood  the  Saracen  beeiegere. 

Tlie  bazars  of  Damascus  present  varie(l  and  strik- 
ing scones;  and  tlie  traveler  is  bewildered  amid  the 
;:Hy  colors  of  the  various  articles  exposed  for  sale, 


'9>^ 


\. 


S^ 


to.> 


r/ 


it 


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and  the  groups  of  people  that  are  seen  passirjf^  ninl 
repassing  in  all  the  difforeiil-  and  singular  itostuiucs 
of  the  East.  Here  may  he  Bceu  Agas  moving  \s\\\\ 
slow  and  stately  tread,  dressed  in  white  turbans  and 
sc-arlet  silk  cloaks  edged  with  costly  fur,  with 
diamond-hilted  kandjars  and  yataghans  gleaming 
in  their  girdles.  They  are  followed  each  by  live  or 
six  obsequious  retainers,  and  a  black  slave  carrier 
their  pipes  and  scarlet  tobacco-bags.  Swarthy  ainl 
grim-visaged  Arabs  and  Bedouins  from  the  great 
desert,  with  their  coarse  cloaks  hanging  upon  them 
like  the  drapery  of  an  ancient  statue,  congregate 
round  the  tobacco-shops,  the  armorers,  and  saddlcre. 
Frequently  the  crowd  is  compelled  to  make  way  for 
a  procession  of  great  men  on  horseback — or  culprits 
led  about  the  streets  preceded  by  an  officer  shouting 
their  crimes,  and  calling  upon  all  to  take  warning. 
The  bazars  are  graced  with  the  presence  of  women, 
who  make  all  the  purchases  for  the  household  ;  and 
the  gallantry  displayed  by  the  shopmen  in  dealing 
with  their  fair  customers  seems  to  invite  them  to 
linger  over  their  purchases,  very  much  as  their  more 
civilized  sisters  do  in  London  and  New  York. 

In  the  day-time  the  narrow  streets  swarm  with 
men,  women,  and  children.  But  at  m'ght  there  is  but 
little  travel,  as  the  streets  are  not  lighted,  and  those 
who  do  go  out  carry  lanterns  as  in  ancient  times. 
The  present  population  of  Damascus  is  150,000,  of 
which  130,000  are  Moslems,  15,000  Christians,  and 
5,000  Jews. 

The  Moslems  are  very  fanatical  and  vindictive 
aojainst  Christians  and  all  who  are  not  Mohammo- 


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ilaiis:  ami  in  July,  ISOO,  they  massacred  G,000  of 
the  Christian  popuhition,  and  burned  their  quarter 
of  tlie  city.  Their  thii-st  for  the  bkod  of  Christians 
extended  to  tlie  mountains  of  Ilermon  and  Anti- 
Lebanon,  and  in  a  short  time  25,000  more  were 
shiutjhtered  and  their  jxjssessions  laid  wjiste. 

Among  the  Christian  })<)pulation  were  members  of 
the  ancient  Order  of  ^la^ons,  and  this  fearful  uprising 
and  massacre  was  checked  by  one  of  their  number — 
Abdel-Kadir — a  Mohannnedan  himself,  but  of  large 
and  noble  nature.  This  man  saved  many  thousands 
of  lives  by  his  prompt  and  resolute  action,  <at  the 
time  when  Moslem  fanaticism  threatened  the  destruc- 
tion of  every  Christian  in  Damascus,  and  indeed  in 
all  Syria.  This  may  well  be  regarded  as  one  of 
the  must  brilliant  and  chivalric  acts  of  fraternal  de- 
votion that  has  been  exhibited  in  modern  times. 


SIIECllEM, 

NOW    NABULUS — JACOb's    WELL THE    TOMB    OF    JOSEPH 

This  ancient  city  is  29  miles  north  of  Jerusalem, 
between  mounts  Gerizim  and  Ebal.  It  is  first  men- 
tioned in  the  history  of  Abraham,  who  here  erected 
his  fii-st  altar  in  Canaan,  and  totik  possession  of  the 
country  in  the  name  of  Jehovah.  When  Jacob 
an-ived  here  from  Mesopotamia,  Shechem  was  a 
Jlivite  city,  of  which  Ilamor,  the  father  of  Shechem, 
was  the  head  man.  At  this  time  the  patriarch  jmr- 
chased  from  that  chieftain  "  the  ])arcel  of  the  field," 
which  he  subsequently  liofpieathed  to  his  son  Joseph. 


J' 


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A' 

t/  \ 

ABD-EL-KADER. 


I&'?i^^==!-^'^'*^ 
^^^^=>^^ 


M 


Tl.e  value  of  tliis  field  was  .ir,eafer  on  acconnt  of  ti.e 
\vell  winch  Jacob  had  dug  here,  so  as  n<,t  to  he  ,],.- 
pendent  on  his  neighbors  for  water.     The  defilo,„,.„t 
of  Dmah-Jacob's   datighter-the   capture   of  Sl.e- 
chcm,  and  the  massacre  of  the  male  inhabitants  bv 
bimeon  and  Levi,  are  events  of  this  period.    J(,sln,"., 
assembled  the  people  here  shortly  bef(.re  his  death 
and  delivered  to  them  his  last  counsel.  After  the  con ' 
quest  of  Canaan,  Shechera  became  a  Levitical  city 
a  city  of  refuge  in  Ephraim  and  a  gatherin^r-pla^e 
of  the  tribes.     After  the  ruin  of  Samaria  by  Shal- 
maneser,  Shechem  became  the  capital  of  the  Sama.-i- 
tans ;  and  at  the  present  day  it  is  the  seat  of  a  small 
remnant  of  that  people.     The  enmity  between  the 
Samaritans  and  Jews  is  still  as  great  as  in  the  time  of 
Christ. 

The  present  population  is  about  10,000,  consisting 
of  150  Samaritans,  and  between  500  and  GOO  Chris'^ 
tians,  100  Jews,  and  the  rest  Arabs  and  Mohamme- 
dans.    The  main  street  runs  e.  and  w.,  and  contains 
a  well-stocked  bazar.     Most  of  the  other  streets  cross 
the  main  street,  and  in  the  cross  streets  are  the  small 
shops  and  work-stands  of  the  artisans.     Many  of  the 
streets  are  narrow  and  dark,  as  the  houses  hang  over 
them  on  arches,  very  much  the  same  as  in  the  closest 
parts  of  Cairo.     There  are  no  public  buildings  of  any 
note  except  the  Keniseh,  or  Synagogue  of  the  Samari- 
tans, and  five  mosques.     The  synagogue  is  a  small 
edifice  about  four  centuries  old,  containing  nothing 
remarkable  except  an  alcove  screened  by  a  curtain, 
in  which  their  sacred  writings  are  kept. 

The  houses  are  high,  built  of  stone  with  flat  nn.ts. 


I 


W' 


SkI  aiul  Burraountcd  by  small  domes.  There  are  manv 
springs  and  natural  fountains  in  and  ahout  the  city, 
and  Some  of  the  many  beautiful  gardens  are  watered 
from  the  fountains,  while  othei-s  have  a  soil  suffi- 
ciently moist.  Figs,  almonds,  walnuts,  oranges,  grapes, 
and  pomegranates  are  abundant.  But  the  olive  now, 
as  in  ancient  times,  is  the  })rincipal  tree. 

This  city  being,  as  it  were,  the  gateway  between 
Jaffa  and  Beirut,  on  the  coast  and  the  interior,  is  the 
seat  of  an  active  commerce  and  of  a  comparative 
luxury  to  be  found  in  but  few  Oriental  cities.  Here 
are  maTiufactured  many  of  the  coarse  woolen  fabrics 
cloth  of  camel's  hair,  and  delicate  silk  goods 

The  most  remarkable  antiquity  here  is  Jacob's 
well.  It  is  covered  by  an  arched  stone  chamber, 
entered  by  a  narrow  hole  in  the  roof.  The  mouth  of 
the  well  is  covered  by  a  large  flat  stone  with  a  cir- 
cular aperture,  and  its  depth  is  105  feet.  This  well 
is  on  the  road  from  Jerusalem,  and  is  visited  by 
many  pilgrims  every  year.  It  beai-s  every  mark  of 
great  antiquity,  and  is  bo  clearly  marked  by  the 
Evangelist,  that  if  no  tradition  existed  for  its  iden- 
tity, the  place  could  not  be  mistaken.  AVearied 
with  his  journey,  the  Saviour  sat  near  this  well  and 
taught  the  Samaritan  woman,  saying — "  God  is  a 
spirit,  and  they  that  worship  him  must  woi-shij)  him 
in  si)irit  and  in  truth.''  Tjion  the  return  <if  the 
woman  to  the  city  she  reported  her  remarkable  inter- 
view with  Jesus  to  the  ]^eoj)le,  upon  which  they 
ll(tckcd  out  to  hear  him.  In  addressing  them,  Christ 
pointed  his  disci})les  to  the  waving  fields  of  grain 
in  the  plain   around,  exclaiming,  '' Say  not  ye  there      j 


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arc  yet  four  moiitlis,  uiid  then  coinelh  the  liarvent  ? 
]>ehokl,  I  say  unto  you,  lilt  up  your  eyes  and  lixjk  on 
the  iields  ;  for  they  are  whhe  already  to  harvest." 
The  tonil)  of  Josepli  is  aht)Ut  a  (juarter  of  a  mile 
north  of  the  well.  It  is  a  small  square  cuclosurt!  (•£ 
high  walls  surrounding  a  tomb  of  the  ordinnrv  kind. 
An  altar  black  with  the  traces  of  fire  is  at  the  head, 
and  another  at  the  foot  of  the  tond).  In  the  walls  are 
two  slabs  with  Hebrew  inscriptions,  and  the  interior 
is  almost  covered  with  the  names  of  pili^frims  in  He- 
brew, Arabic,  and  Samaritan.  The  base  of  ^It.  Ebal, 
opposite  the  city,  is  full  of  ancient  excavated  tond)S, 
and  on  Mt.  Gerizim  are  the  ruins  of  a  strong  fortress. 


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GAZA 

is  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Palestine,  45  miles  s.  w. 
of  Jerusalem.  It  is  first  mentioned  in  Genesis  as  a 
border  town  of  the  Canaanites  (b.  c.  1920).  It  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Philistines,  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  continuous  existence  for  over  3,8U0 
years.  Gaza  is  situated  on  the  main  road  between 
Syria  and  the  valley  of  the  IS'ile.  Its  commanding 
position  and  strong  fortifications  rendered  it  import- 
ant in  a  military  as  well  as  commercial  sense.  Its 
name  (=the  strong)  was  well  elucidated  in  its  siege  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  which  lasted  five  months,  and 
in  which  he  was  wounded.  In  the  conquest  of  Joshua 
the  territory  of  Gaza  is  mentioned  as  one  he  was  not 
able  to  subdue.  Samson  carried  away  its  gates,  but 
afterwards  perished  under  the  ruins  of  its  vast 
temple.     At  subsequent  periods  Gaza  was  oci-upird 


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In*  Chaldeans,  Pei"siaiiB,  and  E<j^yi)tians.  The  Jewish 
king,  Alexander  Jannaius,  captured  it  about  00  b.  c. 
In  A.  D.  G34  it  came  under  Moslem  rule. 

The  modern  town  stands  partly  on  an  oblong  hill 
and  partly  on  the  low  ground,  and  contains  a  iK)pula- 
t  it  111  of  about  15,000  inhabitants.  The  climate  of 
this  place  is  nearly  tropical,  but  it  has  deep  wells  of 
excellent  water. 

The  ruins  of  the  old  city  cover  a  large  hill,  which 
is  about  thi-ee  miles  from  the  sea.      Among  the  ruin 
are  those  of  the  fortress  that  so  long  withstood  xVlex- 
ander  the  Great. 


BEERSIIEBA. 

Beei-sheba  (the  Well  of  the  Oath)  is  2S  miles  south- 
west of  Hebron — at  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Holy  Land ;  Dan  lay  at  the  northern  extremity ;  so 
that  the  phrase,  from  Dan  to  Beersheba,  meant  from 
the  northern  to  the  southern  end  of  Palestine.  Abra- 
ham dug  a  well  here,  and  gave  the  name  Beer- 
sheba, because  here  he  and  Abiinelech,  Iving  of  the 
Philistines,  "sware"  both  of  them,  but  the  compact 
was  ratified  by  the  setting  apart  of  "  seven  ewe  lambs," 
and  from  the  Hebrew  word,  Sheba, — seven,  the  name 
of  the  place. 

The  town  that  rose  here  was  first  assigned  U> 
Judah,  and  then  to  Simeon.  It  was  a  seat  of  idolatry 
'n  the  time  of  Uzziah.  After  the  captivity  it  was  re- 
[>eoplcd  by  the  Jews,  and  continued  a  large  village 
many  centuries  after  the  coming  of  Christ.  There 
are  at  i.resent  on  the  spot  two  large  wells  and   five 


:iv 


4 


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smaller  ones.     The  lar^.o  wdls  arc  100  yardn  apart 
and  are  visible  fro,n  a  considerable  di^ance.    ^Tl  J 
argerof  the  two  is  12^  feet  in  dian.eter,    and  44 
feet  to  the  surface  of  the  water,  whi.-h  is  excellent. 

These  wells  are  snrronnded  by  drinking-tron^hn  of 
stone  for  camels  and  flocks-such  as  they  d.^btlc-.s 
Jiave  been  from  patriarchal  times. 

The  curb-stones  round  the  mouth  cf  these  ^vv\U 
Ike  those  of  a  few  other  ancient  wells  in  J'alestin,.' 
have  deep  grooves  worn  in  them  by  the  action  of  tho 
ropes  used  in  drawing  up  the  water  durin<.  so  nianv 
centuries.  North  of  the  wells,  on  some  low  hills  •„; 
the  rums  of  a  town  of  considerable  size,  the  nun.'e  of 
which  IS  unknown. 

Beersheba  is  interesting  from  its  associations  )-a- 
ther  than  from  its  intrinsic  importance  as  an  inhab- 
ited place. 

Here  Abraham  planted  a  grove,  and  woi-shippe.l 
Jehovah,  the  ever-li^^ng  God.  From  here  he  set  out 
to  offer  up  Isaac  as  a  sacrifice  on  Mount  Moi-iah— the 
place  where  Isaac  resided  when  he  was  bowed  down 
under  the  infii-mities  of  age-where  Jacob  stole  tlie 
blessing  from  him,  the  blessing  that  was  meant  for 
Lsau— the  place  where  the  two  brothei-s  met  to  con- 
vey the  remains  of  their  aged  father  to  the  cave  of 
Machpelah. 

BETHEL, 

NOW   BEITIN, 

is  10  miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  on  the  right  of  tho 
ancient  road  to  Shechem.  It  occupies  tho^spot  near 
where  Jacob  slept  and  had  liis  remarkable  dream,  in 


'ZO'^ 


which  lie  saw  the  ladder  reaching  from  caith  to  heav- 
en, and  the  anjjelsof  God  asoendiiiij  and  descendino 
njKdi  it. 

Ahraham  first  pitched  his  tent  in  Palestine  on  the 
high  gi-ound  ejistward  t>f  this  spot,  still  one  of  the 
best  tracts  of  pjisturage  in  the  whole  land. 

After  the  destruction  of  the  Ixvil  worship  by  Jclm, 
Bethel  conies  more  ])i-ominently  into  view,  and  in  the 
time  of  Jeroboam  II.  it  was  a  royal  residence,  with  a 
'•king's  house,"  and  altai-s.  Another  mention  ol 
the  altar  of  Jeroboam,  with  its  last  loathsome  lire  ol 
"  dead  men's  bones  "  burning  upon  it,  is  found  in  the 
account  (»f  Josiah's  iconoclasm  (xxiii.).  The  men 
of  Bethel  and  Ai  returned  with  Zerubbabel  from 
Babylon, 

The  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  are  found  on  the  south 
side  of  a  hill,  and  cover  nearly  four  acres  of  ground. 
They  consist  of  many  foundations,  and  crumbling 
walls  of  houses  and  public  buildings.  On  the 
highest  part  of  the  hill,  towards  the  n.  n.  w.,  are 
the  remains  of  a  scpiare  t<twer,  and  near  the  southern 
point  are  the  walls  of  a  church,  standing  within  the 
foundations  of  a  larger  and  much  more  ancient  struc- 
ture. The  ruins  of  other  churches  are  also  found  in 
this  vicinity.  Near  by  are  the  remains  of  one  of  the 
largest  reservoirs  in  Palestine,  measuring  314  feet  in 
leiitrth  bv  217  feet  in  width.  The  walls  were  built 
of  massive  stones,  and  the  southern  wall  is  still  entire. 
The  bottom  of  this  reservoir  is  now  a  grass-plot,  hav- 
ing in  it  two  living  Sjirings  of  good  water.  Whether 
they  are  natural  springs,  or  whether  they  are  fed  by 
a  buried  afj[ueduct,  has  not  yet  been  discovered. 


» 


4 


f 


J5ETIILEI1EM. 

BIRTH-PLACE    OF    DAVDD,    AND    OF   JKSl'R    CnUIST. 

Bethlehem  is  south  of  Jerusalem,  alxiut  4  miles 
distant,  but  by  the  route  through  J()j>j>ii  o;iite  iiml  the 
valley  of  Rephaim  the  distanee  is  greater.  Tlie  road 
from  Jerusalem  to  Bethlehem  is  through  a  wild, 
uucnltivated  tract,  but  beautiful  aud  full  of  interest. 
On  each  side  are  well-known  hills  and  monuments. 
On  the  plain  near  Bethlehem  is  the  tomb  of  Bachel, 
in  a  solitary  spot,  without  palm,  cypress,  or  any  tree 
to  spread  its  shade. 

Bethlehem  is  situated  on  the  brow  of  a  high  hill, 
and  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding 
country.  In  the  time  of  Christ  the  hills  around  it 
were  terraced  and  clothed  wuth  vines,  fig  and  almond 
trees,  and  the  valleys  bore  rich  crops  of  grain. 

This  city  is  rendered  memorable  and  holy  as  the 
birth-place  of  David,  and  of  Jesus  Christ.  Over  that 
spot  the  guiding  star  hovered  ;  there  the  eastern  sages 
worshipped  the  infant  Redeemer ;  and  there,  where 
David  watched  his  flocks  and  praised  God,  were  heard 
the  songs  of  an  angelic  host  at  the  Saviour's  birth. 

The  modern  town  is  on  a  liill  facing  the  east.  The 
village  is  triangular,  and  walled  in,  having  one  prin- 
cipal street.  The  i-oofs  of  the  houses  are  flat,  and 
upon  the  house-tops  are  dovecotes  constructed  of  a 
series  of  earthen  pots.  The  sides  of  the  hill,  and 
the  slopes  without  the  town,  abound  in  tigs,  almonds, 
olives,  and  aromatic  plants. 


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The  plain  to  the  eastward  is  that  on  \\\\\A\  tra- 
dition pays  the  angels  appeared  to  the  shepherds,  and 
is  called  the  Shepherds'  Field.  As  the  plains  were 
cultivated,  it  is  prohahle  that  the  shepherds  wonld 
have  been  found  on  the  hill,  where  they  now  may  be 
found  with  their  Hocks. 

A  church,  containing  the  monuments  of  the  three 
shepherds,  is  mentioned  by  Arculfus  as  standing  in 
tlie  midst  of  the  fields  and  terraced  gardens.  Jerome 
lived  here  in  a  cell,  which  is  now  pointed  out,  where 
he  wrote  his  Commentaries,  and  compiled  the  Latin 
Vulgate — the  best  ancient  version  of  the  Scriptures. 

The  present  population  is  about  3,000,  nearly  all 
Christians,  who  manufacture  and  supply  pilgrims  with 
crucifixes,  beads,  and  models  of  holy  places. 

A  little  beyond  the  northern  extremity  of  the  town 
is  the  magnificent  Church  of  the  Nativity,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  the  Emperor  Justinian.  The  roof 
of  this  church  is  supported  by  numerous  Corinthian 
columns.  The  lofty  roof  of  the  nave  is  formed  of 
cedar- wood  of  most  admirable  finish,  and  is  still  in 
L'ood  preservation.  Between  the  columns  lamps  are 
luing,  and  a  chandelier  is  also  suspended  from  the 
r(X)f.  Two  spiral  staircases,  of  15  steps  each,  lead 
down  to  the  grotto  of  the  Nativity,  which  is  some 
twenty  feet  below  the  level  of  the  church.  This 
crypt,  which  is  39  feet  long,  11  feet  wide,  and  9  feet 
hi<di,  is  hewn  out  of  the  rock,  and  the  sides  and  floor 
are  lined  with  various  kiiuls  of  marl)le.  A  rich  altar, 
wliere  lamps  continually  biirn,  stands  over  the  place 
where  the  Saviour  is  said  to  have  boon  born — the  spot 
bcin;r  marked  bv  a  silver  Ftar  inhiid  witli  ir^'ld,  and 


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studded  with  gems,  bearing  the  iii.scrii.tion-y//,.  ,U 
Vinjuie  Maria  Jefius   Christ  us  est. 

In  a  small  recess  in  one  side  of  the  crypt,  a  little 
below  tlK)  level  of  the  lloor,  is  a  hWk  of  white- 
marble,  hollowed  out  in  the  form  of  u  man.rcT 

The  Prophet  Micah  thus  foretold  tho  birth  of  VAu\~ 
-"But  thou  Bethlehem  Ephratah,  though  th.,u  l.,- 
little-  among  the  thousands  of  Judah,  yet  out  of 
thee  shall  he  come  forth  unto  me  that  is  to  be  Ji.dcr 
in  Israel;  whose  goings  forth  have  been  fron.  of 
old,  from  everlasting." 

SIDON, 

NOW   SAroA. 

Sidon  is  on  the  coast  20  miles  n.  of  Tyre  and  14') 
miles  N.  of  Jerusalem. 

This  is  another  of  the   first  settlements  of   the 
human  family,  as  it  was  founded  by  Zidon,  the  oldest 
son  of  Canaan.     In  the  time  of  Homer  the  Zidonians 
were  eminent  for  their  trade  and  commerce,  their 
wealth  and  prosperity,  and  their  skill  in  navigation, 
astronomy,  and  the  manufactures  of  glass  and  metals. 
Upon  the  division  of  Canaan  among  the  tribes  bv 
Joshua,  Great  Zidon  fell  to  the  lot  of  Asher— bu't 
that  tribe  never  succeeded  in  gaining  possession  of  it. 
The  Zidonians  continued  long  under  their  own  govern- 
ment   and  kings,  though  sometimes  tributary  to  the 
kings  of  T;yTe.     But  they  M'ere  at  length  successivelv 
subdued  by  the  Babylonians,  tl)e  Egyptians,  and  the 
Seleucidae.     Sidon  was  the  station  of  the  navy  of  An- 

*  In  point  of  numbers  compared  with  the  other  citiea  in  Judo*, 


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tioc-luis  on  tlie  eve  of  a  battle  with  the  RhcKiian  fleet 
At  tlie  close  of  the  war  with  Aiitiochns  it  pUiiscHl  into 
the  hands  of  the  Ivoiiiaiis — who  deprived  the  inhabit- 
ants of  tlieir  freedom. 

Jesus  thus  alludes  to  Tyre  and  Sidon,  when 
preaching  to  the  Jews:  "Woe  \into  thee,  Chorazin  ! 
Woe  unto  thee,  Bethsaida  !  for  if  the  iniirhty  works 
which  have  been  done  in  you,  had  been  done  iu  Tyre 
and  Sidon,  they  would  have  repented  long  ago 
in  sackcloth  and  ashes.  But  I  say  unto  you,  it  shall 
l)e  more  tolerable  for  Tyre  and  Sidon  at  the  day  of 
judgment  than  for  you"  (Matt.  xi.  21,  22). 

Saida  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  running  from  n. 
E.  to  s.  w.  On  the  high  ground  stands  the  citadel, — 
an  old  square  tower.  A  wall  protects  the  city  on  the 
land  side,  running  across  the  peninsula  fron^  shore  to 
shore.  The  ancient  harbor  Mas  formed  by  a  long, 
low  ledge  of  rocks  lying  parallel  to  the  shore,  and 
affording  space  enough  to  accommodate  rpiite  a  fleet 
of  small  vessels;  but  the  cliief,  Fakr-ed-Din,  to  )>io- 
tect  himself  against  the  Turks,  caused  the  harbor  to 
be  partially  tilled  up,  since  which  time  vessels  have 
to  lie  outside  to  the  n.  of  the  ledge.  On  a  rock  liere 
is  an  old  castle,  which  is  connected  with  the  shore  by 
a  stone  causeway. 

The  streets  of  Saida  arc  narrow  and  crooked,  but 
the  houses  are  built  of  stcjiie,  and  many  of  them  are  of 
U'<Hxi  size,  and  well  built.  A  curious  feature  of  the 
«  iiy  is  that  some  of  the  houses  are  built  on  the  wall, 
and  constitute  a  part  of  it.  Within  the  city  are  six 
khans  for  the  u.-e  of  trAvelcrs  and  meirhants.  The 
environs  of  Saida  are  watered  by  a  stream  from  Leb- 


s— ?»«B»»!7: 


rr^ 


11'/  % 


f3A  I  =>* 


BiUON-lTS  uuiKa 


2GD 


^ 


anon,  and  are  famous  for  thuir  beautifiil  ^'iinlcnH  oi 
fruit-trees  of  every  kind.  The  preseut  ix.pululioii 
is  about  5000. 

The  most  uotal)le  ruins  liere  are  those  of  siii  iin- 
n)euse  theatre.  This  theatre  was  one  of  the  hirgest 
hi  Asia  Miiior — eapahle  of  containing'  15,000  spec- 
tators. The  lower  half  of  it  was  excavated  in  the 
eolid  rock,  and  the  seats  were  of  wliite  marble,  beau- 
tifully wrought ;  many  of  them  remain,  and  are  in  a 
good  state  of  preservation.  There  are  akso  ruins  <»f 
buildings  in  and  around  the  town,  and  of  a  wall  that 
extended  into  the  sea.  The  place  of  sepulture  of  the 
ancient  Sidonians  was  on  the  adjacent  mountain — 
which  is  honey-combed  with  cells  cut  in  the  rock, 
and  connecting  vnth  one  another  by  arched  d(K>i-s. 
These  cells  are  all  rectangular,  from  10  to  15  feet 
square,  and  contain  three  niches,  one  in  each  wall ; 
the  niche  opposite  the  door  usually  exhibits  scul})ture3 
in  white  marble  surmounting  a  sarcophagns.  Many 
f»f  these  cells  have  their  walls  covered  with  Phoenician 
inscriptions  in  bright  colors.  These  cells  are  very 
similar  to  the  Egyptian  Catacombs,  especially  those 
of  Sahara.  In  one  of  these  sepulchral  caves  there 
was  discovered  in  1855  a  singular  Phoenician  anti- 
quity. It  is  a  sarcophagus  of  black  cyauite,  with  a 
lid  carved  in  human  form — bandaged  like  a  mummy, 
the  face  being  bare.  On  the  lid  and  on  the  head  are 
inscriptions  in  which  the  king  of  Sidon  is  mentioned. 
It  evidently  belongs  to  the  11th  century  b.  o.  Thi^ 
relic  is  now  in  the  Louvre,  Paris. 

The  Maronites  have  a  small  chapel  in  a  garden  at 
the  f^ates  of  the  town  ;  and  the  tradition  runs  that 


m 


iJ 


cfcp 


O  - 


Vl 


here  stood  the  house  iu  \vhich  ^larv,  the  sister  of 
Lazarus,  died. 

JERICHO, 

THE    VALLEY    OF    MURDER, 

Jcriclio  was  a  city  of  f^reat  antiquity  and  considerahlo 
importance — 13  miles  e.  n.  e.  of  Jerusalem,  and  7  uiilis 
from  the  Jordan.  It  was  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Wady  Kelt,  and  where  the  road  from  Jerusalem 
comes  into  the  plain.  The  Jericho  destn>ycd  by  Joshua 
was  nearer  to  the  fountain  of  Elisha — the  present 
Ain  Sultan.  On  the  west  and  north  of  Jericho  rise 
hii,di  limestone  hills;  one  of  which,  the  dreary 
(Juarantina,  rises  1,500  feet  above  the  plain.  The  walls 
of  Jericho  were  so  wide  that  houses  were  built  on 
them.  The  entrance  to  the  city  was  through  several 
gates,  which  were  closed  at  dark,  the  same  as  is  tin 
practice  in  the  East  at  the  present  day. 

Jericho  is  fii-st  mentioned  as  the  city  to  which 
the  spies  were  sent  by  Joshua;  they  l(»dgcd  in  the 
house  of  Kahab,  upon  the  wall,  and  departed  after 
promising  to  save  her  and  all  that  were  f(»und  in  her 
house  from  destruction.  In  the  annihilation  that 
ensued,  this  promise  was  religiously  kept.  This  wa- 
the  tii-st  city  taken  by  the  Israelites  west  of  tin 
Jordan.  Its  walls  are  said  to  have  supernatu rally 
fallen  down  before  the  Jews,  after  being  compassed 
about  seven  days;  it  was  then  burnt  with  tire — after- 
wards it  was  rebuilt,  and  gradually  rose  into 
impoitance  again. 

Over  against  Jericho,  beyond  the  Jonlan,  "Elijah 
vent  up  by  a  whirlwind  into  heaven."     In  its  plains 


^f!\",: 


'\j' 


THE  VALLEY  OF  MUHDKK,  KE.Ul  JKUICUC. 


i;y 


Zcdekiah  was  overtaken  and  cajitiirod  In-  tlio  Chal- 
deans.  In  the  return  under  Zenddiahcl,  the  cliildren 
t)f  Jericho,  345  in  nuni])er,  were  inehided. 

Jericlio  was  fortilied  hy  P>acclii(h>s,  and  afterwardfi 
adorned  with  palaces,  castles,  and  theatres  hy  llerud 
the  Great.  He  also  founded  a  new  to\sTi  Ijii^her  up 
the  plain,  and  called  it  Phapa?lls. 

Christ  visited  Jericho,  and  hctween  Jcrnsaleni  and 
Jericho  was  laid  the  scene  of  the  parahle  of  the  |,"x)d 
Samaritan.  All  that  is  left  to  represent  ancient 
Jericho  is  the  villao-e  of  Riha,  containing  alxmt  00 
huts  and  an  old  square  tower,  occupied  hy  a  small 
garrison.  The  houses  are  built  of  stones  from  the 
ancient  ruins,  and  are  merely  four  walls  with  a  flat 
roof.  Each  house  has  a  garden  around  it  enclosed  by 
a  hedge  of  the  thorny  boughs  of  the  Xubk,  a  species 
of  thorn-tree.  A  strong  hedge  of  the  same  kind 
surrounds  the  whole  village.  The  plain  on  which  the 
village  stands  is  rich  and  capable  of  easy  tillage, 
with  a  climate  to  produce  anything;  but  it  now  lies 
neglected,  and  the  palm-trees,  balsam,  and  honey  for 
which  it  was  famous,  have  long  since  disappeared. 

The  inhabitants  now,  as  in  the  earliest  time,  are 
noted  for  their  lewdness.  In  consequence  of  this  the 
Ai-abs,  when  approaching  the  place,  frequently  pro- 
vide themselves  with  a  written  paper  or  charm,  as  a 
protection  against  the  wiles  of  its  women. 

The  ruins  about  here  are  quite  extensive,  but  so 
dilapidated  that  none  of  them  can  be  recognized  as 
belong\ng  to  any  kno^v^l  structure.  The  most  singular 
relic  here  is  a  block  of  sienite  red  granite,  the  frag- 
ment of   a  large  circular  stone  laying  jiartly  buried 


p 


;-«;! 


W'\ 


\^\ 


-c^ 


--*w«^  '  ..^^^ 


274 


in  tlie  earth.  The  Jiiiineter  of  tliis  stone,  when 
wh<.>le,  eoiild  not  have  been  less  than  S  or  10  feet. 
Its  cireuLar  edije  is  full  of  small  round  holes.  Near 
hv  are  the  remains  of  a  circular  foundation,  on  which 
it  once  probably  lay.  This  stone  has  every  ap- 
pearance of  beinf]^  Eiryptian  sienite. 

About  two  miles  from  Jericho  is  the  fountain  Ain 
Sultan.  This  fountain  bursts  forth  at  the  east  side 
(.f  a  uM-oup  of  mounds.  It  appears  to  have  been  once 
ennounik'd  by  a  reservoir  of  hewn  stones,  but  this  is 
now  nio>tly  broken  away  and  «^ne.  These  mounds 
are  covered  with  substructions  of  mihcwn  stone. 

The  route  fnmi  Jericho  to  Jerusalem  ascends 
through  narrow  rocky  i)asses  and  deep  ravines,  and  is 
a  difficult  and  dangerous  one,  robberies  being  more 
frequent  in  it  now  than  in  the  time  of  Christ ;  and 
the  dusky  robbers  who  lie  in  wait  here  for  trav- 
elers are  believed  to  lie  the  veritaltlc  descendants  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  district.  A  short  dis- 
tance up  this  road,  is  a  deep  dell  called  the  Valley  of 
]\[„,.,]er — the  traditional  scene  of  the  event  related  in 
the  parable  of  the  good  Samaritan.  Near  this  are 
found  some  massive  ruins,  in  which  is  a  deep  arched 
vault  or  chamber,  the  entrance  to  which  is  nearly 
closed  by  debris. 

snusnAN, 

XOW    6U8A. — CITY    OF    QUEEN   ESTHER,    MORDECAT,     AXD 
UAMAN. 

This  ancient  and  royal  city  wa.s  800  miles  e.  of 
Jerusalem    and    120   n.   of   the    Persian    Gulf,    in 


!\</ 

i 


>- 


'A 


i 

2 


'\v^ 

h'l 

1  w/i 

;P 

--CJ 


wliat  is    called    Elain    on    tho   map  of    tlio  ancii-nt 
world. 

It  was  situated  between  tho  rivers  Euhuiis  and 
Sliapur — where  vast  mounds  of  ruins  liavo  hcen 
found. 

Shushan  was  originally  the  capital  of  the  country 
called  Elam  (first  mentioned  in  Gen.  xv).  The 
first  distinct  mention  of  the  city  is  in  Dan.  vii.  2. 
In  the  inscriptions  of  Asshur-bani-pal,  tho  »<m  and 
successor  of  Esarhaddon — he  states  that  lie  t<H»k  the 
place,  and  exhibits  a  ground  phm  of  the  city  upon 
his  sculptures.  It  was  next  in  the  possession  of  the 
Babjdonians.  After  the  conquest  of  I'ahylon  by 
Cyrus  it  was  transferred  to  the  Persian  dominions ; 
this  transfer  was  probably  the  work  of  Darius  Ilystas- 
pes.  Shortly  afterwards  the  Achsemenian*  ]>rinet'3 
made  it  the  capital  of  their  whole  empire,  and  the 
chief  place  of  their  residence. 

Shushan  accord ing^}'  became  the  capital  of  Pei-sia. 
The  city  i-etained  its  pre-eminence  from  this  time 
until  the  period  of  the  Macedonian  conquest.  AMien 
taken  by  Alexander  he  found  there  sixty  millions  of 
dollars  and  all  the  rejijalia  of  the  great  king. 

Alexander's  preference  for  Babylon  caused  the  neg- 
lect of  Susa  by  his  successors,  until  it  at  length  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Antigonus,  b.  c.  315.  Tiie  town, 
but  not  the  citadel,  was  taken  by  Milo  in  his  rebellion 
against  Antiochus  the  Great,  b.  o.  221.  At  tho  Ara- 
bian conquest  of  Pei-sia,  a.  d.  610,  it  was  bravely  do- 
fended  by  Ilormuzan. 

This  city  was  the  scene  of  the  remarkable  cventa 

*  Median. 


Ml 


rjil 


ir^l 


a — V 


■rV 


Wm 


t 


narrated  in  the  Book  of  Esther;  here  ITanian  con 
spired  ajjainst  Mordeeai  and  his  people,  tlie  Jews, 
and  procured  an  edict  for  tlieir  extermination,  hut 
was  defeated  by  Mordeeai  and  Queen  Estlier.  Dan- 
iel had  tl)e  vision  of  the  ram  and  he-goat  at  Shushan 
the  palace.  Nehemiah  was  at  Shushan  when  he  ob- 
tained from  Artaxerxes  permission  to  return  into 
Judea  and  rcj^air  the  walls  of  Jerusalem. 

The  extent  and  character  of  the  ruins  found  here 
indicate  the  great  size  and  splendor  of  the  cit}-. 
They  cover  an  area  of  over  7  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  consist  ]u-incipally  of  four  great  artificial 
mounds  or  platforms.  Of  these  the  western,  although 
the  smallest  in  extent,  is  much  the  highest — being  11;» 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  river  Shapur.  It  was  con- 
structed of  sunburnt  bricks,  earth,  and  gravel.  In 
the  centre  of  the  top  of  this  mound  is  a  deep  circular 
depression,  doubtless  a  large  court,  surroimded  by 
elevated  piles  of  buildings,  the  fall  of  which  has  given 
the  present  configuration  t<»  the  surface. 

This  mound  apj>ears  to  have  been  the  citadel  or 
fortress.  T<3  the  west  of  the  citadel  is  the  great 
central  platform,  covering  upwards  of  GO  acres,  7<^ 
feet  high,  and  very  steep.  The  heavy  rains  of  winter 
have  worn  deep  ravines  down  the  sides  of  this  mound 
in  many  places ;  thus  disclosing  much  of  the  work 
of  its  ancient  buildei-s.  The  northern  ]ilatform  is  a 
square  mass,  about  1,000  feet  each  way,  and  from 
50  to  CO  feet  hiirh.  East  of  the  others  is  another  verv 
extensive  platform,  but  lower  than  the  rest.  r)Cyond 
these  a  number  of  smaller  moimds  are  found,  ex- 
tcndinjr  nearlv  to  the  Dizful  river. 


'<  }i\\ 
»...;*( 


^S'fS^SJJT^-  >  ■■HWP 


.M'   /  /       i 


L-iJo-^- 


"^T^'T^^ 


m 


27'J 

The  most  important  discoveries  made   hero  wore 
in  tlie  western  mound. 

This  was  the  platform  on  which  the  kind's  palace 
stood.  Here  were  discovered  the  hiiKos  of  Kcveral  <if 
the  cohimns,  and  the  position  of  the  whole  of  the 
seventy-two  columns  which  supported  the  edifice.  On 
the  bases  of  four  of  these  were  found  inscriptions, 
according  to  which  this  palace  was  built  by  Darius 
Ilystaspes,  and  repaired  by  Artaxerxes  Ivon^imanus. 
It  consisted  of  a  central  hall,  about  200  feet  B(piure, 
and  three  great  porches  on  the  exterior  of  this,  and 
separated  from  it  by  walls  18  feet  thick.  These  were 
doul)tless  the  great  audience  halls  of  the  palace.  The 
great  central  hall  was  probal^ly  used  for  all  great 
ceremonies,  such  as  the  coronation  of  the  kin<rs,  re- 
turning thanks,  and  making  offerings  to  the  gods  for 
victories.  The  "king's  gate,"  where  Moi-decai  sat, 
was  doubtless  a  hall  measuring  about  100  feet  square, 
with  its  roof  supported  by  four  pillars,  and  standing 
150  feet  from  the  northern  fi-ont  of  the  portico.  The 
inner  court,  where  Queen  Esther  appeared  to  implore 
the  king's  favor,  was  probably  the  space  between  tho 
"king's  gate  "and  the  northern  terrace  wall.  Tho 
"royal  house  and  the  house  of  the  women,"  it  is 
supposed,  were  situated  behind  this  great  hall,  and 
were  connected  with  it  by  a  covered  bi-idge  over  the 
ravine. 

Astlie  bight  of  tliis  splendid  palace  was  120  feet,  and 
6t(K)d  on  a  platform  over  60  feet  high,  surrounded  by 
subordinate  palace  buildings  adorned  with  trees  and 
shrubs,  the  whole  reflected  in  the  river  at  its  base,  tlio 
effect  must  have  been  truly  grand  and  imposing. 


!H 


v^- 


lArgo  bk)cks  of  marble  covered  with  hieix)gly}tliica 

aio  still  found  by  Anibs  when  dip:Lcin<^  for  hidden 

yj,       treasure  ;  and  at  the  foot  of  one  of  the  mounds  standa 

the  tomb  of  Daniel,  erected  ou  the  spot  where  the 

relies  of  that  prophet  are  believed  to  rest. 

The  site  of  this  once  beautiful  capital  is  now  dcso 
hite,  its  only  iuhabitauts  beiiig  lious,  wolves,  lyuxcs, 
and  jackals. 

CHAPTER  X. 

siiiLon. 

This  was  a  famous  city  of  Ephraim — about  18 
miles  north  by  east  of  Jerusalem,  and  10  south  of 
Shechem.  The  Ark  of  the  Covenant  remained  here 
from  u.  c.  1444  to  1116  b.  c.  In  honor  of  the  presence 
of  the  Ark,  there  was  a  feast  of  the  Lord  in  Shiloh 
yearly,  in  one  of  which  the  daughters  of  Shiloh  were 
seized  by  a  remnant  of  the  Benjamites. 

The  ruins  found  here  consist  of  fragments  of 
colunms,  and  large  stones  of  various  shapes.  An 
immense  oak,  evidently  of  great  age,  stands  among 
the  ruins.  Just  beyond  the  precincts  of  Shik)h  stands 
a  dilupidatea  edilice,  called  by  the  natives  the  mosk 
of  Seilun.  At  a  shoi-t  distance  from  the  ruins  is  an 
ancient  fountain,  which  lii'st  flows  into  a  p(K)l,  and 
thence  into  a  large  sUme  reservoir — from  which  Hock,- 
and  herds  are  watered — presenting  a  scene  the  same 
as  might  have  been  witnessed  here  2000  yeai^s  ago. 

RABBAH. 

Tliis  w!ia  a  very  strong  plaCo  east  of  the  Jordan, 


if' 
'/ vv 

m 
Ife/ 

M 


4j 


-Q 1' 


w 


A' 


'I 

^ 


ai.d  as  far  back  as  tho  fonrtli  century  it  was  cstoemoil 
one  of  tlic  most  remarkal)Io  cities  in  diAa — Syria. 
When  first  meutioiicd  this  was  the  chief  city  of  tho 
Ammonites,  and  was  said  to  contain  \\\(\  hc(l,  or  nar- 
copliai^-ns,  of  the  i;-iaiit  ():;. 

The  site  of  luibhah  is  85  miles  v..  n.  ic.  of  Jcriiwi- 
lem,  and  23  miles  e.  of  the  Jordan.  It  wjis  Bituated 
near  the  sontliern  source  of  the  Jahhok,  and  on  tho 
road  between  lleshbon  and  Hostra,  and  was  the  last 
place  at  Avhicli  a  stock  of  water  could  be  obtained 
for  the  journey  across  the  desert.  Its  position  wa.s 
sucli  as  to  render  it  an  important  fi^arrison  station  for 
repelling  the  incursions  of  the  wild  tribes  of  tlic 
desert. 

At  the  commencement  of  David's  fii-st  canipai^^n 
a2;ainst  the  Annnonites,  a  part  of  the  army  under 
Abishai  was  sent  as  far  as  Iiabbah  to  keep  the  Am- 
monites in  check,  but  the  main  force  under  Joab  re- 
mained at  Medeba. 

After  the  defeat  of  the  Syrians  at  Ilclam  the  Am- 
monite war  was  resumed,  and  this  time  liabbah  was 
the  main  point  of  attack.  Joab  took  the  command, 
and  laid  siege  to  the  city.  The  siege  lasted  nearly 
two  years,  as  the  inhabitants  made  a  determined  resist- 
ance, which  was  characterized  by  frequent  fierce  sal- 
lies. After  Joab  had  taken  the  lower  town,  he  sent 
for  David,  as  he  desired  that  he  should  have  the 
honor  of  taking  the  citadel  or  stronghold  of  the  place. 
David  shortly  after  arrived,  when  the  citadel  wa.s  ta- 
ken, and  its  inmates,  with  great  booty,  including  the 
idol  of  Moloch,  fell  into  his  hands. 

It  was  during  the  time  of  this  siege  by  J.iab  that 


^( 


fj 


^ 

% 
H 


i^ri^ 


'  i 


.n__jr^ 


v--^i 


iif.! 


1 1  '^ 


I; 


=^ 


2S4 


Uriah,  by  order  of  David,  was  pl:u-LHl  in  tlie  fore- 
front of  tJie  buttle,  where  he  was  slain  (Sam.  xi.  1."). 
10,  17). 

In  the  time  of  Amos,  two  and  a  half  centuries  la- 
ter, it  again  had  a  wall  and  palaces,  and  was  still  the 
sanctuary  of  Moloch.  At  this  period  it  is  frctpiently 
mentioned  in  such  terms  as  imply  that  it  was  of  equal 
imix)rtauce  with  Jerusalem.  From  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphus  (B.C.  285)  it  received  the  name  of  Philadel- 
phia, but  afterwards  resumed  its  ancient  name.  B.C. 
.'3<)  it  was  taken  from  the  Arabs  by  Herod  the  Great. 
"Wlicn  the  Moslems  concpiered  Syria  they  found  this 
city  in  ruins — ruins  remarkable  for  their  extent  and 
desolation.  The  principal  ruins  are  those  of  a  thea- 
tre and  a  fortress.  The  theatre  was  very  large,  and  its 
walls  are  quite  well  preserved.  The  ruins  of  the  for- 
tress show  that>  it  wa.s  built  of  large  square  stones,  put 
together  without  cement.  The  remains  of  private 
houses  are  also  quite  extensive. 

SAEDIS 

is  about  100  miles  e.  of  Smyrna,  and  was  fonncrly 
the  capital  of  Crcesus,  king  of  Lydia,  proverbial  for 
the  immensity  of  his  wealth. 

Sard  is,  now  Sart,  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Tmolus.  The  route  of  Xerxes  to  Greece  lay  by  Sar- 
dis.  From  its  convenient  position,  and  the  fertile  re- 
gion surrounding  this  city,  it  wjis  a  commercial  mart 
of  considerable  importance  in  the  very  earliest  times. 
It  was  also  a  slave  mart. 

The  art  of  dyeing  wool  is  said  to  have  been    in 


s? 


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v.: 


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vented  liere,  <and  it  was  the  entrepot  of  tl,o  dy«Ml 
woolen  niunulnctures.  TJiis  wsis  also  the  plu,-.. 
where  the  metal  electrum  wjis  procured,  and  lu-n- 
the  Sp.-irtans  sent,  in  the  sixth  (teTitiirv  u.  ,-.,  to  ,,„r. 
eliase  gold  for  gilding  the  faee  of  t'he  Aiu,ll„  at 
Amyclai.  This  gold  was  prohahly  fm-nishcd  fr.„n 
the  auriferous  sand  of  the  Pactolus,  a  hr<M,k  whi.-h 
ran  through  the  forum  by  the  side  of  the  great  tem- 
ple of  Cybele.  This  city  changed  hands  several  tinn-s 
during  the  contests  after  the  death  of  Alexander.  It 
was  takeji  and  sacked  by  the  army  of  Antiochiis  th.- 
Great  in  214  b.c.  In  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Ti- 
berius, Sardis  was  desolated  by  an  earthquake,  and  a 
pestilence  followed.  It  was  taken  and  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  Tamerlane,  a.d.  1400. 

It  is  now  a  small  village,  but  contains  a  large  khan 
for  the  accommodation  of  travelers,  it  being  on  the 
road  for  the  caravans  coming  out  of  Persia  to  Smvrna 
Avith  silk. 

The  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  are  to  the  southward 
of  the  town,  chief  among  which  are  those  of  the 
massive  temple  of  Cybele,  a  theatre  and  a  stadium. 
Two  columns  of  the  temple  are  still  standing,  and  arc 
6  feet  4^  inches  in  diameter,  at  about  35  feet  below 
the  cai:>ital.  One  stone  in  their  architrave  was  cal- 
culated to  weigh  25  tons.  The  present  soil  is  more 
than  25  feet  above  the  pavement.  The  ruins  of  tlie 
theatre  and  stadium  are  on  the  north  side  of  the  Atrro 
polis,  overlooking  the  valley  of  the  Ilennus.  The 
diameter  of  the  theatre  was  400  feet,  and  that  of  the 
stadium  1,000.  The  hight  on  which  the  cita<lel  wjus 
built  is  badly   shattered    by  an    earth. piakc.      The 


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ruins  ami  the  countless  sepulchral  mounds  in  the  vi- 
cinitv  indicate  what  Sardis  was  bef(»re  eurth(]uakos 
and  the  sword  had  laid  it  waste. 

The  Turks,  in  tlieir  hatred  of  all  images,  have 
sawn  to  pieces  and  burnt  into  lime  nearly  all  of  the 
beautiful  sculptures  which  adorned  the  Temj^le  and 
other  public  buildin<,^s,  of  which  there  were  thousands 
of  figures  of  men  and  animals  in  the  best  style  of 
Greek  art. 


TARSUS 

is  3S5  miles  from  Jerusalem  via  Joppa  and  the 
Mediterranean.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  i)lain,  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Cydnus,  12  miles  from  its 
moutli.  This  city  was  at  one  time  the  metropolis  of 
Cilicia,  and  a  place  of  considerable  importance.  It 
was  distinguished  for  the  culture  of  Greek  literature 
and  philosophy.  In  the  number  of  its  schools  and 
learned  men  it  rivaled  Athens  and  Alexandria.  It 
was  also  illustrious  as  the  birth-place  of  the  Apostle 
Paul  (Saul). 

It  is  now  called  Tai-sous,  and  though  nnieh  decayed 
and  full  of  ruins,  it  still  contains  a  population  of 
7,000  inhabitants  in  the  summer,  and  3<>,0U0  in  the 
winter,  mostly  Turks.  The  excessive  heat  of  summer 
drives  a  large  part  of  the  people  to  the  highlands  of 
the  interior. 

As  the  ancient  city  contained  no  pul^lic  edifices  of 
any  considerable  size,  none  of  the  numy  ruins  can  be 
identified. 


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TIBERIAS 

was  a  citj  of  Galilee,  rebuilt  by  Ilcrod  Aufipai*, 
and  named  by  liiin  in  honor  of  the  Emperor  Tiberias. 
It  is  (jS  miles  n.  by  e.  of  Jerusalem,  and  is  sitiiatrMl 
on  the  western  shore  of  Lake  (iennesareth,  not  far 
from  where  the  Jordan  issnes  from  the  hike.  On  tlie 
shore,  about  a  mile  south  of  the  town,  are  tlic  ceh'- 
brated  warm  baths  which  the  Roman  naturalist  record 
ed  among  the  greatest  known  curiosities  in  tlio  world. 

Tiberias  was  the  capital  of  Galilee  from  the  Roman 
conquest  until  the  reign  of  Herod  Agrij)pa  11.  .^^anv 
of  the  inhabitants  were  Greeks  and  Romans,  and 
foreign  customs  prevailed  to  such  an  extent  as  to  give 
offence  to  the  stricter  Jews.  Herod  Antipas  built 
here  a  palace,  and  established  a  race-course.  In  the 
Jewish  war,  which  ended  in  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem, Tiberias  bore  a  conspicuous  part,  especiallv 
during  the  command  of  Josephus,  in  Galilee,  who  for- 
tified this  city.  At  that  time  there  was  here  an  im- 
mense Sev7\^\ proseucha — a  house  of  prayer,  in  which 
he  convened  a  public  meeting  of  the  people. 

This  city  and  Tarichaea  still  belonged  to  Agrippa. 
and  Vespasian  marched  against  them  to  subdue  ihcm 
again  to  his  allegiance.  On  his  approach  to  the  city, 
the  principal  inhabitants  went  out  and  made  their 
submission  to  him,  and  the  Roman  army  occuj)ied  the 
to^vn.  They  afterwards  erected  a  fortilied  camp  at 
Emmaus,  which  continued  to  be  the  headquarters 
durinff  the  sicire  of  Tarieliiea.  That  citv  was  at 
length  taken  by  troops  under  the  command  of  Ti- 
tus ;  great  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  having  escaj>ed 
18 


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by  water  in  ]>oats,  Vespasian  liad  boats  built,  pm-sucd 
and  overtook  them,  when  a  battle  was  fouj^ht,  in 
which  the  Jews  were  totally  overthro\ni.  In  this 
battle,  and  in  the  capture  of  the  citv,  the  slain 
amounted  to  7,700,  of  whom  1,200,  being  too  old  or 
too  young  to  labor  or  bear  arms,  were  put  to  death  in 
cold  blood  in  the  stadium  of  Tiberias, 

Celebrated  schools  of  Jewish  learning  flourished 
here  throujrh  a  succession  of  several  centuries,  and 
the  ^lishna  was  compiled  here  by  the  great  Rabbi, 
Judah  nakkodesh  (a.d.  190). 

During  the  reign  of  Constantine  this  city  passed 
into  the  possession  of  the  Christians ;  and  during 
the  Crusades  it  was  lost  and  won  rejieatedly  by 
the  different  combatants.  Since  that  time  it  has  been 
possessed  successively  by  Persians,  Aral)S,  and  Turks, 
and  is  now  under  the  rule  of  the  latter.  During  its 
occupation  by  the  Crusaders  they  erected  a  church — 
in  which  the  Arabs  have  since  housed  their  cattle. 

The  modern  town,  Tubariyeh,  stands  on  a  part  of 
the  site  of  the  ancient  city  ;  and  was  half  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  1S37.  It  has  now  a  populatwm 
of  only  2,500  inhabitants,  one-fourth  of  whom  are 
Jews,  and  the  rest  Mohammedans  and  Christians. 
The  inhal)itants  now,  as  of  old,  draw  a  considerable 
part  of  their  subsistence  from  the  lake,  fish  being 
quite  plenty  in  it. 

Tiie  walls  of  the  town  are  little  better  than  heaps  of 
ruins,  the  castle  is  much  shattered,  and  the  whole 
place  has  an  aspect  of  extreme  wretchedness.  Soutli 
of  the  town  are  numerous  ruins  of  a  still  more  ancient 
city,  pntbably  Chinneroth,  extciiding  for  a  mile  and  a 


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2S\) 

imlf  nearly  to  the  liot  sprin^rs.  The  wufc-rs  of  tlio.. 
spnn-s  are  salt,  and  too  hct  f,.r  ii.unr.liato  umj,  but 
they  are  still  much  resorted  to  by  invjilids. 

CESAEEA. 

STEATO'S   TOWKR. 

Cesarea  was  situated  on  the  coast,  28  miles  north 
of  Joi>pa,  and  66  from  Jerusalem  via  Joppu. 

In  Strabo's  time  there  M-as  on  this  part  of  the 
coast  merely  a  town,  called  "Strato's  tower,"  witii 
a  landing-place.  Afterwards  Herod  the  (Jreat  buih 
a  city  here,  on  which  the  utmost  care  and  expen.so 
were  lavished  ;  a  vast  breakwater  protected  its  harbor. 
Here  the  Ilerodian  kings  resided,  also  Festns  Felix^ 
and  other  Roman  Procurators  of  Judea.  Ilere  were 
the  headquarters  of  the  military  forces  of  the  pro- 
vince. The  population  consisted  chiefly  of  Jews, 
Greeks,  and  Romans.  Constant  feuds  took  place  l>e' 
tween  the  Jews  and  Greeks.  At  the  Jewish  syna- 
gogue the  Old  Testament  was  read  in  Greek. 

At  Cesarea,  Yespasian  was  declared  Emperor  of 
Rome.  This  city  was  a  place  of  considerable  impor- 
tance even  as  late  as  the  time  of  the  Crusades ;  but 
it  is  now  utterly  desolate,  and  its  ruins  have  long 
been  a  quarry  from  which  materials  for  building 
other  towns  have  been  drawn. 

SOURCES   OF  THE  JORDAN. 

PANEAS,  NOW  BANIA8 SOURCES  OF   TUE   RTVKB  JORDAN. 

Paneas  is  120  miles  n.  n.  e.  of  Jerusalem,  at  the 
base  of  Mount  Her m  on. 


Ml 


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The  annals  of  this  city  run  back  from  Ilerod's  time 
into  the  atre  of  lieathenism.  It  was  the  Paniuni  of 
Josephus,  and  the  Paneas  of  the  Greeks  and  lionians, 
and  the  inscriptions  are  not  yet  obliterated  which 
show  that  the  god  Pan  had  a  sanctuary  there.  Titus 
exhibited  irladiatorial  shows  in  this  citv,  in  which  he 
made  the  captive  Jews  fight  and  kill  each  other. 
The  modern  village  is  called  Panias,  the  Arabic 
ft)rm  of  Paneas.  It  is  small  and  poor,  containing 
only  150  houses.  Just  north  of  the  village  is  a  well- 
built  stone  bridge. 

The  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  are  extensive,  and 
consist  of  heaps  of  stone  and  architectui-al  fragments. 
The  vast  castle  above  the  site  of  the  city  is  still  the 
most  remarkable  fortress  in  Palestine. 

At  the  base  of  the  mountain,  at  the  x.  e.  side  of 
the  village  of  Banias,  is  a  spacious  cavern,  from  which 
issues  the  eastern  source  of  the  Jordan.  Xiches  have 
been  cut  in  the  face  of  the  rocks  directly  above  the 
cavern,  and  in  other  places,  apparently  to  receive 
statues.  AYlien  these  niches  were  cut  they  had  each 
an  inscription,  but  they  are  nc»w  so  obliterated  that 
only  a  ]»art  of  one  can  be  made  out.  The  second 
source  of  the  Jordan  is  at  a  place  called  Tell  el-Kady, 
three  miles  w.  n.  w.  of  Banias.  Here  is  a  small  ele- 
vation, having  a  flat  space  on  its  top,  in  which  are  two 
springs,  one  of  which  is  very  large.  The  united  wa- 
tei-s  of  these  springs  form  a  considerable  stream,  whii-h 
unites  with  that  from  Banias,  5  miles  below.  The 
third  source  is  about  3  miles  w.  by  n.  from  Ilasbeiya. 
Here  is  a  fountain,  the  watei-s  of  which  are  confined 
by  a  dam,  forming  a  large  basin  ;  just  below  the  dam 


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SOUKCE  OF  TJJK  UlVUi  .l<MiJi.\N-l'AM;.\a. 


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13  a  bridge.  At  a  short  distance  west  of  tliis  foun 
tain  are  the  remarkable  pits  or  niiiies  of  s<)li«l  as- 
plialtiim. 

The  locations  of  the  sources  of  the  Jordan  are  a" 
follows — viz.,  the  main  eastern  source,  at  Jiania^,  is 
in  Lat.  33°  IT,  and  35°  40'  east  Lon.  from  (Treetiwicb  ; 
and  the  western  source — Ilasbei^-a— is  in  Lat.  33°  30' 
and  Lon.  35°  41'. 

Banias  is  120  miles  n.  n.  e.  of  Jerusalem,  and 
Hasbeija  is  135 


CAPEETTAmL 

The  site  of  Capernaum  is  near  the  n.  w.  shore  of 
the  Sea  of  Galilee — 78  miles  n.  by  e.  from  Jeru- 
salem. It  was  on  the  frequented  route  from  Damtis- 
cus  to  the  Mediterranean.  This  M^as  a  chief  city  of 
Galilee  in  the  time  of  Christ.  It  had  a  synagogue ; 
also  a  customs  station  M'here  dues  were  collected 
both  by  stationary  and  itinerant  officers. 

Capernaum  was  the  residence  of  Christ  during  a 
considerable  part  of  his  ministry,  and  the  scene  of 
many  of  his  wonderful  works.  It  was  here  he  worked 
the  miracle  on  the  Centurion's  servant,  on  Simon's 
wife's  mother,  the  paralytic,  and  on  the  men  afHictod 
with  an  unclean  spirit.  The  brothers  Simon  Peter 
and  Andrew  belonged  at  Capernaum.  In  conpe- 
quence  of  the  unbelief  of  the  people  of  this  and  other 
cities  of  the  plain,  the  Lord  pronounced  their  dcMnu  : 
"And  thou,  Capernaum,  which  art  exalted  unto 
heaven,  shalt  be  brought  down  to  hell  :  for  if  tlie 


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miorhty  works  Mhich  liave  been  done  in  tliee  had  been 
done  in  Sodi.»ni,  it  \vt>iilJ  have  remained  niitil  tliis 
dav." 

The  ruins  said  to  be  those  of  Capernaum  consist  of 
wallt  and  foundations  covering  a  space  of  one-hal! 
a  mile  in  length  by  one-f(.»urth  of  a  mile  in  width. 


I     ;^^ 


S 


ANTIOCII. 

DAPUNE — TUE  FAMOUS  GROVE  OF  APOLLO. 

Antioch  is  300  miles  n.  by  av.  from  Jerusalem,  and 
30  miles  east  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Antioch  was 
founded  301  b.  c,  by  Seleiicus  Xicator,  who  named 
it  after  his  father,  Antiochus.  It  is  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Orontes,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and 
beautiful  plain,  nearly  surromxled  by  high  hills.  The 
•neighborhood  of  these  hills  and  the  Meditermnean  im- 
l»art  a  freshness  and  salul)rity  to  the  climate  of  .\n- 
tioch  t(.>  be  found  in  but  few  places  in  Syria.  Its 
commercial  advantages  also  were  great ;  for  the  Oron 
tcs  was  navigable  for  small  vessels  to  the  sea,  thus 
1  •ringing  it  in  easy  connnunication  M'ith  the  trallic  of 
the  Mediterranean ;  while  on  the  other  side  it  was 
c<»nveniently  situated  for  a  large  caravan  trade  with 
the  countries  in  the  interior,  es])ecially  Dunuiscus. 

Although  Seleucus  founded  Antioch,  tlie  ]>art 
built  in  his  time  was  only  what  ultimately  formed 
aljuut  one-fourth  of  the  city ;  the  other  three  pai-ts 
were  successively  added — the  last  by  Antiochus  Epi- 
jihanes,  to  whom  some  of  its  chief  embellishments 
were  due  ;  in  particular  a  magnificent  street  of  about 
four  miles  in  length,  with  double  colonnades,  and 


4 


'<^i 


crossed  at  rii!;lit  angles  by  otlier  strcctfl.  Siilisofjtionl 
iiioiiantlis  added  public  buildings,  mnong  wliicli  win 
a  s])l(>ndid  luuseuiu  l)uilt  by  Autioclius  riiil<>i>iitL'r. 

Tlie  city  grew  under  the  Seleiicid  (Greek)  kingH,  un- 
til it  beeaiuo  a  nictrojjolis  of  great  extent  and  re- 
markable beauty.  In  its  most  lloiirishing  j)eri<>d  it.-* 
population  is  estimated  to  have  been  over  3()0,0()t». 
From  thefii'st  the  Jews  formed  a  considerable  ])orti«»n 
of  the_ population,  and  enjoyed  ecpud  i)rivilcg('s  with 
the  Greeks, 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era,  Antioch 
had  lost  but  little  of  its  greatness  and  retineincnt  - 
being  then  a  place  of  high  culture,  and  renowned  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  It  was  no 
less  noted,  however,  for  its  luxurious  living,  effemi- 
nate manners,  jocular  humor,  gross  superstition,  an<l 
licentious  idolatry.  Not  only  did  the  city  itself  eon- 
tain  unusual  incitements  to  false  worship,  with  their 
accompanying  pollutions,  but  adjoining  the  city,  and 
forming  a  kind  of  a  suburb,  was  Daphne,  with  the 
famous  temple  and  grove  of  Apollo,  This  suburb 
was  deeply  bosomed  in  a  dense  grove  of  laurels 
and  cypresses,  which  was  ten  miles  in  circumference, 
and  formed  a  cool  and  impenetrable  shade,  Many 
streams  of  the  purest  water,  issuing  from  tlie  hills, 
preserved  the  rich  verdure  of  the  earth,  and  temjiera- 
ture  of  the  air ;  the  senses  were  gratified  with  har- 
monious sounds,  and  aromatic  odors.  This  ])cneeful 
grove  was  consecrated  to  health,  luxury,  anil  love. 
The  vigorous  youth  pursued  like  Apollo  the  object  of 
his  desires ;  and  the  blushing  maid  was  warned  by 
the  fate  of  Daphne  to  shun  the  folly  of  unre:i>onablo 


h 


covncss.  The  philosopher  and  soldier  wisely  avoided 
the  temptation  of  this  sensual  paradise,  whei-e  plea- 
sure, assuniiui;  the  character  i>f  reli:ri<»'i,  iMij>erceptibly 
dissolved  the  tirniness  oi'  manly  virtue. 

Notwithstanding  the  city  was  so  corrupt  and  de- 
structive t<>  public  decency,  it  not  only  enjoyed  a  lar<^e 
stated  revenue  from  jmlilic  pleasures,  hut  was  c<>n- 
tinuallv  receiving  fnsh  gifts  from  emperors  and 
nobles,  to  increase  the  splendor  of  its  edilices  ajul  the 
attractions  of  its  peculiar  suburb.  Yet  in  the  face  of 
these  corrupting  agencies,  and  tlie  powerful  supjxut 
they  were  receiving,  Christianity  found  in  Antioch 
one  of  its  firmest  strongholds;  and  in  the  coui-se  of 
time  completely  turned  the  tide  against  the  long  con- 
timied  and  richly  endowed  idolatry  of  the  place.  So 
that  when  the  Emperor  Julian  went,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  annual  festival,  after  great  preparations  and 
apparent  enthusiasm,  to  prove  his  devotions  to  the 
Daphnian  Ai)ollo,  no  offering  was  presented  along 
with  his,  except  a  single  goose,  which  was  provided  at 
the  expense  of  a  priest,  who  was  the  pale  and  solitary 
inhabitant  of  the  decayed  temple. 

Antioch,  the  Queen  of  the  East,  from  the  beauty  of 
its  situation  and  the  splendor  of  its  buildings,  miglit 
well  deserve  the  dedication  to  Apollo  which  it  ob- 
tained from  Seleucus.  13ut  to  the  Christian  it  lias  a 
liigher  interest,  as  being  the  greatest  Archiepiscojial 
see,  filled  by  St.  Peter  himself;  and  the  ])lace  where 
the  disci[)lcs  of  Christ  were  first  emboldenetl  to  ado]>t 
the  name  of  the  Divine  Master.  Fnnii  its  own  im- 
portance as  the  finest  and  largest  city  in  that  j»art  of 
Asia  Elinor,  also  from  its  commanding  p(»siti<)n,   it 


wMJ 

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»an  rciiulily  be  understood  liow  llic  first  licniMh  d  the 
Gospel  should  have  sou^^ht  to  nirrv  the  li(liii^r>s  ,,f 
salvation,  and  hiy  there  tlie  foundation  of  a  ChriHtian 
church,  Tlie  efforts  of  tlie  Apostk-s  were  crowned 
with  such  success,  that  this  r-jty  hecanie  dislin<;uihhed 
for  the  variety  of  its  gifts,  the  liberality  of  ita  spirit, 
and  its  forwardness  in  the  cause  of  Christianitv. 

Ignatius,  who  suffered  martyrdom  under  'J'rajan  ut 
liome,  was  bishop  of  Antioch  forty  years;  ChrytR>ft- 
tom,  the  eloquent  preacher,  was  born  here. 

Antioch  has  suffered  greatly  by  eartlupiakes,  and 
has  had  its  share  in  all  the  vicissitudes  that  pjussed 
over  the  district  in  which  it  is  situated  :  concpiered 
by  the  Saracens,  retaken  hy  the  Greeks,  again  in  tlie 
hands  of  the  Moslems ;  during  the  wars  of  the 
Crusaders  the  scene  of  terrible  battles,  sieges,  and 
brilliant  ex})loits;  again  taken  from  the  Moslems,  and 
finally  retaken  by  them. 

In  1822  Antioch  contained  a  population  of  20,000, 
but  in  that  year  an  eartlupiake  destroyed  one- 
fourth  of  its  inhabitants.  It  is  now  an  Arab  village 
with  a  popidation  of  about  GOOO,  and  occupies  only 
about  one-fourth  of  the  area  inclosed  within  the 
ancient  wall;  the  houses  have  sloping  roofs,  are 
covered  with  tiles,  and  are  very  slightly  built, — the 
heavy  snows  that  often  fall  in  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try, and  the  frequency  of  earthquakes,  have  tatight 
the  inhabitants  to  adopt  this  style  of  building.  The 
Orontes  is  here  headed  back  for  the  j)urj)ose  of  turn- 
ing an  enormous  wheel  to  raise  water,  which  is  con- 
ducted by  troughs  to  the  farthest  extremity  «>f  tlie 
town,   —     which,  dripping   in   its  passage  over  llie 


■  V 

r 


m 


It 

r.-  i 

V-'' 

m 


V 


'\;\. 


streets,  reiiJei-s  many  of  dicm  impassable  exeepl 
under  tlie  ei>ver  of  an  umbrella. 

The  few  Christians  remaining  in  Antioeh  have  no 
ehureh  ;  and  the  only  external  mark  that  has  survived 
its  ancient  Christianity  is  the  name  borne  by  its  i)rin- 
ci])al  gate — St.  Paul.  Many  broken  and  scattered 
remains  of  its  greatness  are  still' to  be  seen  among  the 
ruins;  and  on  the  s.  w,  side  of  the  town  there  is  a 
steep  mountain  ridge,  upon  which  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  old  Iloman  wall  is  still  standing,  of  great 
hight  and  thickness.  At  short  intervals  are  high 
towel's,  containing  a  staircase  and  two  or  three 
chambei-s — probably  guaid-rooms.  There  were  400 
of  these  towers.  Tlie  wall  ruMs  in  a  direct  line  up 
the  steepest  part  of  the  mountain  to  its  top.  Tlie  in- 
tervals between  the  towei-s  were  formed  into  stairs,  by 
which  the  soldiers  marched  to  and  from  their  stations 
and  the  citadel  above.  Tlie  wall  runs  along  two  dis- 
tinct hill-tops,  separated  from  each  other  by  a  deep 
ravine,  across  which  it  was  continued  upon  an  arch 
for  the  water  to  pass,  called  the  "  Iron  Port."  But 
time  and  repeated  earthquakes  have  nearly  demolish- 
ed this  part  of  it. 

After  heavy  rains  antique  marble  ]>avements  are 
visible  in  many  parts  of  the  town,  and  gems,  corne- 
lians, and  rings  are  frequently  found. 

During  the  ]>iesent  year — 1S72 — a  terrible  carth- 
<piake  overthrew  a  pail  of  the  city,  and  destroyed 
several  hundred  of  the  people. 


'C^  "  "  L 


j^ 


'^[''^^^ir''^^'^''  .^Si^S^ir'~r*  '?^.       i         Tvr~!^^cr*1ric-»'" 


299 


EPIIESUS. 

THE  RENOWNED  TiCMl'LK    OK    DIANA. 

The  site  of  this  ancient  city  is  about  4U  miles  8.  k 
of  Smyrna,  and  OUO  n.  w.  of  Jenisaluni.  It  wua 
situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cayster,  and 
stood  partly  on  the  level  ground,  and  partly  on  the 
hills  Mt.  Prion  and  Coressus.  Its  harhor  at  tiic 
mouth  of  the  Ca^^ster  was  admirably  constructed,  an<l 
was  at  one  time  capable  of  acconnnodating  a  large  lleut 
of  the  shipping  of  the  day.  In  the  Roman  times 
two  great  roads  led  eastward  from  Ephcsus;  one 
through  the  passes  of  Tmolus  to  Sardis  and  Galatia, 
and  the  other  round  the  extremity  of  Pactyas  to 
Magnesia,  and  np  the  valley  of  the  Meander  to 
Iconium,  from  whence  the  communication  Avas  direct 
to  Syrian  Antioch  and  the  Euphrates.  Corresponding 
with  these  roads,  there  appear  to  have  been,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Ephesus,  Sardian  and  Magnesian  gates. 
There  were  also  coast  roads  leading  northward  to 
Smyrna,  and  southward  to  Miletus.  By  the  latter 
the  Ephesian  elders  traveled  to  meet  Paul  at  the 
latter  city.  St.  Paul's  first  visit  to  Ephesus  was  about 
A.  D.  54,  and  on  his  return  from  the  second  mi.-sion- 
ary  circuit.  On  his  second  visit  he  remained  over 
two  years,  during  which  time  he  labored  in  the 
synagogue,  schools,  and  in  private  houses.  Here 
also  the  Apostle  John  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life. 

At  the  head  of  the  harbor  stood  the  great  Temple 
of  Diana,  the  tutelary  divinity  of  the  city.  In  conso- 
cpience  of  the  swampy  nature  of  the  ground,  innnenso 


-77.-1r 


b 


m 


-^-^'   ™^V  -- 


Suo 


Bubstructions  were  built,  on  which  the  temple  wae 
erected.  The  tii-st  temple  was  burnt — this  ha]»penc(] 
the  night  that  Alexander  the  Great  was  born  {n.  c. 
350).  But  by  the  enthusiastic  co-operation  of  all  the 
inhabitants  in  this  part  of  Asia,  another  temj^le  wa> 
erected,  which  in  many  respects  6uri)a6sed  the  first. 
The  dimensions  of  the  second  temple  were  425  feet 
long  by  220  feet  broad.  It  wjis  built  of  wliite  mar- 
ble, cedar,  and  cypress,  and  was  profusely  ornamented 
with  <j:<«ld.  It  had  127  culunnis,  each  GO  feet  high. 
The  magnificence  of  this  edifice  was  proverbial 
throughout  the  world,  and  the  devotion  to  the  god- 
dess Diana  was  such  that  criminals  were  exemjited 
from  arrest  at  the  temple,  or  even  within  an  eighth  of 
a  mile  of  it.  Another  consequence  of  the  worship  of 
Diana  at  Ephesus  was,  that  a  large  manufactory  of 
l»ortable  shrines  grew  up  there.  These  shrines  Avere 
eagerly  purchased  by  devotees,  who  set  them  up  in 
their  houses  or  carried  them  with  them  on  their  jour- 
neys. 

The  next  remarkable  structure  at  Ephesus  was  its 
theatre — the  largest  of  its  kind  ever  built. — It  was  OOU 
feet  in  diameter,  and  could  accommodate  50,000  spec- 
tatoi-s. 

Asia  at  this  time  was  a  proconsular  province,  but 
Ephesus  was  a  free  city,  and  had  its  own  assemblies 
and  nuvistrates.  Consi>icuous  mention  is  made  of  the 
most  important  municipal  ofiicer  of  Ephesus — the 
2  own  Clerk,  or  keeper  of  records,  who  was  a  pei-son 
of  great  re6i>onsibility  and  inihience. 

The  ruins  of  the  city  are  of  vast  extent,  and  the 
outlines  of  the  theatre  still  remain  in  the  solid  rock. 


-^^ 


I 


s 


(u) 


-y* 


m 


\^ 


ll 


\V 


'& 


m 


Festi-esof  the  Tomplc,  <.f  I)|,„:t  hav  I„.,.n  tnu-c«l 
only  tlic  present  veiu-  by  tlie  Jicv.  .1.  ']'  \v,,,| 
Sculptures  of  great  beauty  and  valuo  i.ave  bivn' 
brought  to  light,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  explora- 
tions now  going  (,„  will  uncover  nuuiy  Nuluabie  relics 
of  this  ancient  eitv. 


GAD'A-RA 

was  a  strong  city  7  miles  s.  e.  of  the  Sea  of  c;ali]cc 
and  G5  n.  n.  e.  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  situated  near 
the  river  Ilieromax,  on  the  level  sunnuit  of  a  .steep 
limestone  hill. 

The  first  mention  in  history  of  Gadara  is  it«  cap- 
ture by  Antiochus  the  Great,  b.  c.  218.  Dui-ing  the 
Jewish  civil  wars  it  was  destroyed— and  rebuilt  by 
Pompey  b.  c.  63,  and  afterwards  made  the  cai)ita'l 
of  a  district  by  Gabinius.  On  the  first  outbreak  of 
the  war  with  the  Jews,  Gadara  avjis  captured  by  W-s- 
pasian,  its  inhabitants  massacred,  and  the  city  with 
its  sun-ounding  villages  burnt. 

The  ruins  are  extensive,  and  comprise  tlie  remains 
of  two  theatres,  a  city  gate,  part  of  the  wall  of  the 
city,  a  straight  main  street,  with  its  ])avement  nearly 
perfect,  and  prostrate  columns  on  l)oth  sides  of  the 
street.  But  the  most  curious  and  interesting  ruin- 
here  are  the  ancient  tombs.  They  are  vevy  nunuTou- 
in  the  cliffs  around  the  city,  and  are  cut  in  the  H.ii.i 
rock — chambers  from  10  to  20  feet  scpuire,  with 
doors  of  stone  turning  on  stone  hinges,  in  the  Bi<lcs 
of  these  rooms  are  recesses  in  wiiicii  the  bodjes  were 
placed.     Many  of   these   6e])uk-liral  chaml)ei-3   have 


vt^ 


i/\ 


<' 
K 


V 


X   : 


cfe=a^ -,--^-.-^-. 


..■ww-i^  -.gsg 


302 

clianged  their  character  of  tombs  of  the  dead  for  habi 
tatioiis  of  tlie  liviiii,',  as  the  present  inhabitants  of 
the  place  use  them  fur  dwellings. 

LYDDA 

is  nine  miles  from  Joppa,  on  the  road  to  Jerusalem. 
hi  the  time  of  Josephiis,  Lydda  was  a  place  of  con- 
eidcral)le  size  and  inportance.  b.  c.  45,  this  city, 
with  tJie  neighboring  places,  became  the  prey  of  the 
insatiate  Cassius,  by  whom  the  inhabitants  were  sold 
into  slavery  t<j  raise  the  exorbitant  taxes  imposed  ; 
Init  Antony  soon  restored  them  to  their  city  and 
liberty.  St.  George  was  a  native  of  Lydda,  and  after 
his  martyrdom  his  remains  were  buried  there,  over 
which  a  church  was  built  and  dedicated  to  his  honor. 
The  English  Crusaders  adopted  him  as  the  Patron 
Saint  of  England,  and  many  fabulous  legends  ai-e 
told  of  his  exploits. 

The  modern  town  is  small,  but  for  a  Mohammedan 
place  is  prosperous. 

The  ruins  of  the  stately  Church  of  St.  George  pre- 
sent a  remarkable  appearance. 

NAZARETn. 

This  place  is  07  miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  6  miles 
w.  N.  w.  of  Blount  Tabor,  and  nearly  half  way  from 
the  Jordan  to  the  Mediterranean.  Nazareth  is  situ- 
ated on  the  side  of  a  hill  overhjoking  a  fertile  and 
beautiful  valley  surrounded  by  hills,  with  a  narrow 
outlet  towards  the  south.     Tlie  surrounding  hills  varv 


^ 


Sj— ir 


i.vr;5 


//V\ 


;i(»5 


ill  liight  from  100  to  500  feet  aliovo  iho  lovcl  of  the 
valley.  The  soil  is  ricli  and  well  cultivated,  |)rr>- 
ducing  a  great  variety  of  fruit,  grain,  vogetahlca,  and 
flowers,  which  ripen  early  and  in  rare  j)erfeeti(in. 

From  tlie  summit  of  the  hill  on  whicji  Na/.arcth 
stands  is  a  magnificent  prospect.  Towards  the  north 
are  seen  the  many  hills  of  Galilee,  and  the  eve 
reposes  on  the  majestic  and  snow-crowned  Ilcrmon. 
On  the  east,  the  Jordan  valley  may  he  traced ;  unci 
beyond  it  the  dim  hights  of  ancient  I'ashan.  Tow- 
ards the  south  spreads  the  broad  and  beautiful 
plain  of  Esdrtelon,  with  the  bold  outline  of  Moimt 
Tabor,  with  parts  of  Little  Ilermon  and  Gilluta  visible 
on  its  eastern  border,  and  the  hills  of  Samaria  on  t! 
south,  wliile  Carmel  rises  on  the  west  of  the  plain, 
and  dips  his  feet  in  the  blue  waters  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Nazareth  derives  its  celebrity  from  its  connection 
with  tlie  history  of  Christ.  At  Nazareth  Joseph  and 
Mary  lived  ;  here  the  angel  announced  to  the  Virgin 
the  Messiahs  birth;  to  Nazareth  the  Holy  Family 
returned  after  their  flight  into  Egypt ;  here  Jcsug 
lived  from  infan(;y  to  manhood  ;  here  lie  taught  in 
the  synagogue,  and  was  twice  rejected  by  his  towns- 
men, who  attempted  on  the  last  occasion  to  cast  him 
down  from  "  the  brow  of  the  hill  on  which  the  city 
was  built."  The  title  on  the  cross  designated  him 
as  "Jesus  of  Nazareth."  At  the  Fountain  of  the 
Virgin,  at  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  the  town, 
according:  to  tiadition,  the  mother  of  Jesus  received 
the  angel's  salutation.  A  remarkable  i>i-ecii»ice,  ncaily 
j      perpendicular  and  50  feet  high,  near  the  ^Mar-nite 


H}!:: 


I') 

w 

\ 

i 


V' 


;v  I  I 


fe 


^^. 


,  \? 


,n r. 


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,\X' 


A 


^ 


^ 


7 

■:\j 

i 


,'~y': 


^.&: 


r>    . 


eliurch,  is  said  to  be  the  identical  one  over  which  hi^ 
infuriated  towns^nien  attempted  to  linrl  Je:*ns. 

The  modern  Nazareth  belongs  to  the  better  class  of 
Eastern  villai^es.  Most  of  the  h<  mses  are  well  biiih 
of  stone,  and  appear  neat  and  comfortable ;  but  tl- 
streets  are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  after  a  ram  a 
so  full  of  mud  as  to  be  nearly  impassable.  Its  popu- 
lation is  between  three  and  four  thousand.  A  feu- 
are  Mohammedans,  the  rest  Latin  and  Greek. 

The  conntry  around  is  the  best  cultivated  in  Pales- 
tine; and  in  the  season  of  rains  is  fresh  and  irreen 
everywhere,  carpeted  with  liowei-s,  and  shady  with 
orchards  and  jjroves. 

THE  KXIGTITS  TEMrLARS. 

ORIGIN  OF   TUE  ORDER — TUE  BATTLE-FIELD  OF    nATTIN — 
MASSACRE    OF    THE    KNIOHTS. 

After  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Crusa- 
ders, pilgrims  and  other  travelei-s  from  all  parts  of 
Europe  visited  the  Holy  Land  in  ^reat  numbers ; 
many  of  whom,  when  traveling  fi-om  one  place  to 
anotlier,  especially  when  going  from  the  coast  to 
Jerusalem,  were  robbed,  and  subjected  to  various 
ontrages  and  indignities  by  the  Mohammedans,  who 
regarded  them  as  interlopei-s  and  Christian  dogs,  and 
treated  them  as  such  whenever  an  opportunity  pre- 
sented itself.  From  this  state  of  things  arose  the 
necessity  of  an  organization  for  the  protection  of 
jiilgrims  and  others,  while  traveling  in  the  Holy 
Land.     Hence,  in  1118,  a  society  was  formed,  called 


i'/M| 


.•^ 


"Cr^c 


L 


m 


m 

■~vti 


the  "Poor  Soldiers  of  Jesus,"  wliosc  duty  it  wns  tn 
act  as  escort  and  guard  for  tlie  Christ  inn  travolfrs  ; 
especially  those  visiting  Joriisidoni.  This  hiiitilih* 
society  soon  became  so  popular,  that  to  belong  t<»  it 
was  esteemed  an  honor;  and  its  accessions  in  num- 
bers and  wealth  were  such  as  to  eventually  render  it 
the  most  powerful  and  wealthy  organization  the 
world  has  ever  seen. 

KMGHTS    TEMPLARS. 

The  buildings  alh)tted  to  the  "  Poor  Soldiers  of 
Jesus"  were  in  the  Temple  enclosure,  and  some  of 
them  on  the  site  of  Solomon's  Temple,  from  which 
circumstance  they  received  the  name,  Ivnights  Tem- 
plars. In  time  this  order  embraced  in  its  ranks 
many  of  the  best  architects  of  the  day;  and  tiie 
ruins  of  castles,  fortresses,  and  fortified  towns,  built 
by  them,  are  monnments  of  the  skill  and  energy  of 
this  warlike  and  mechanical  order. 

CAUSES    WHICH    LED   TO   THKIK   DESTRUCTrOX. 

At  this  period,  Palestine  was  covered  with  castles 
and  fortified  •  towns,  which  were  occupied  and  com- 
manded by  petty  barons.  Knights  of  St.  John,  and 
Knights  Templars  ;  but  all  subject  to  the  king  at  Jeru- 
salem. Yet  the  commanders  of  these  fortresses  de- 
clared war  and  made  peace  at  their  own  will  nnd 
pleasure — not  only  against  the  commcni  enemy  but 
against  one  another;  and  what  renders  this  state  <>f 
anarchy  more  surprising  is,  that  the  Christian 
occupants  of  Palestine  were  nearly  surrounded  by  a 


P 


i\\ 


r.  ,. 


I 


■7^^?^ 


"^'.r--. 


¥ 


^«/'i  308 

warl'ke  nnd  watchful  enemy,  ready  to  improve  tlic 
first  opportunity  for  tlieir  destruction.  Yet  at  tliis 
time,  under  the  k^adei-ship  of  a  man  of  even  ordinary 
capacity,  order  might  have  been  restored,  and  the 
Christian  rule  perpetuated  in  the  Holy  Land.  But 
this  opportunity  for  consolidating  their  power  was  soon 
'ost;  for,  in  IISG,  the  throne  was  usurped  by  Guy 
of  Lusignan,  who  had  many  enemies,  and  at  least  one 
powerful  rival.  Among  the  petty  rulers  at  this 
time  were  Count  Eaymond  of  Tripolis,  and  Haynald 
of  Chatillon,  Ix)rd  of  Kcrak  and  other  castles,  and 
who  had  associated  with  him  a  large  number  of 
Knights  Templars.  Raymond  was  a  bitter  enemy 
and  rival  of  the  king,  and  had  even  entered  into 
negotiations  with  Saladin,  and  received  aid  from 
him.  Notwithstanding  the  situation  am(»ng  the 
Fi-anks*  was  such  as  to  invite  attack,  a  truce  had 
been  concluded  with  the  Sultan,  which  might  have 
been  followed  by  a  period  of  repose.  But  this  peace 
was  soon  terminated,  and  that  too  by  the  Christians ; 
f(»r  the  reckless  Baynald  of  Kerak,  disregarding  the 
compact  with  the  Sultan,  fell  upon  and  plundered  a 
large  caravan  of  merchants  passing  from  Damascus 
to  Arabia,  imprisoning  the  women  a"nd  children, 
ai«d  massacreing  many  of  the  men.  Km-aged  at 
tliis,  Saladin  swore  a  solemn  oath  to  put  Uaviiald  to 
death  with  his  own  hands,  should  he  ever  get  him 
into  his  power;  and  immediately  c<»nnnenccd  mak- 
ing immense  preparations  for  avenging  this  l»rcach 
of  faith  on  the  i>art  (jf  the  Frajdvs;  and  in  rcsp(»nse 
/V  to  his  call  hosts  (»f  the  swarthy  and  iicrce  warrit^i-s  of 

•  A  general  name  applied  to  the  Europeans  bj  the  Turku. 


/i 


i\ 


t. 


45— V 


\Jj 


'fMWfP,; 


1 


.^-- 


m 

^:^ 


n 


^^y^f^J^ 


;;ii 

tlio  Crescent  were  S(>on  assuiiihlcd  ut  DainuscuB  fniin 
all  parts  of  the  enq-ire. 

BATTLE    OF    IIATTIN — MASSACUIC    OK   THE    KNKillTrt    TICM- 
PI.AKS. 

Mount  IIattin,  on  the  slopes  of  which  the  ;^'re:il 
battle  was  fought,  is  sixtv-live  niiles  northhy-eaHt 
from  Jerusalem,  and  twenty-four  niiles  eu>t-fK»utli- 
eastof  Acre  ;  and  is  nearly  on  a  line  between  Tulxjr 
and  Ilernion. 

The  dire  intelligence  of  the  ]ireparations  of  Sal- 
adiii  for  war,  soon  reached  the  Christian  princes,  un<l 
induced  them  to  cease  their  strife,  and  unite  at 
once  for  mutual  defence.  They  established  their 
rendezvous  at  the  fountain  of  Sefiirieh,  fifteen  miles 
douth-east  of  Acre,  where  were  soon  assendjled  the 
lUJst  chivalric  Imsr  u'hich  had  ever  foutrht  a-^ainst 
the  Saracens  in  the  Holy  Land.  The  Hospitalers 
and  Templars  came  with  many  troops  from  their 
castles;  Raymond,  with  his  forces  from  Tiijeriiis 
and  Tripolis ;  Raynald,  with  a  train  of  knights  from 
Kerak  and  Shobek ;  other  barons  from  Siilon, 
xVntioch,  and  Cesarea,  and  the  king  from  Jerusalem, 
with  a  host  of  knights  and  hired  troops,  altogether 
making  an  army  of  over  50,n00  men. 

The  position  chosen  by  the  Christians  was  a  gtHnl 
one,  and  had  water  and  other  resources  in  abundance. 
They  were  also  inspii-ed  by  the  presence  of  the  Holy 
Cross,  which  had  been  brought  from  Jerusalem  by 
the  Bishops  of  Ptolemais  and  Lydda.  Thiis  ]>ro- 
pared,  the  army  waited  the  approach  of  the  Sarncens 
for  over  a  month,  when  suddenly  the  hosts  of  Saladin 


H 


Ul 


il^.!' 


api>caied  on  the  west  side  of  the  Juixhin,  swooped 
around  the  uurthern  end  of  Lake  Tiberias,  and 
thence,  southerly,  do^nl  its  west  side  to  the  heights 
north  of  the  vilhige  of  Tiberias;  where  they  en- 
camped, in  the  hope  of  drawing  the  Franks  from 
their  position.  Light  detachments  liad  preceded  the 
main  armv  ;  these  penetrated  to  the  Jieighljorhood  of 
Xazareth — to  Jezreel,  and  Blount  Gilboa,  hiying  waste 
the  land  with  fire  and  sword.  Upon  finding  that 
the  Franks  did  not  advance,  Saladin  sent  a  detach- 
ment of  light  troops  and  took  possession  of  Til)ei-ias, 
the  residence  of  Count  Raymond,  whose  wife,  with 
lier  children,  retired  to  the  castle.  On  the  3d  of 
July,  intelligence  of  the  capture  of  Tilierias  reached 
the  Christian  camp.  The  king  immediately  called  a 
council  of  war,  to  decide  upon  the  measures  to  be 
pursued.  At  first  a  large  majority  were  for  march- 
injr  at  once  for  the  deliverance  of  Tiberias:  but 
Kjiymond,  although  of  all  otliei-s  personally  the  most 
interested,  advised  to  remain  where  they  were,  fortify 
their  camp,  and  act  on  the  defensive  ;  as  experience 
had  tauglit  him  that  the  Fabian  policy  was  tlie  most 
successful  against  Saladin.  llcTc,  in  their  fortified 
position,  with  abundance  of  resources  of  all  kinds, 
tliev  had  every  reason  to  hope  for  complete  success 
against  the  attacks  of  the  undisciplined  hordes  of 
the  Sultan  ;  but  if  they  marched  on  Tiberias,  they 
would  expose  themselves  to  constant  attacks  of 
myriads  of  Saracenic  cavalry,  in  a  regi(»n  without 
water,  under  the  burning  heat  of  sunnuer,  where, 
hara-ssed  and  exhausted,  their  retreat  might  be  cut  off. 
This  advice  was  unaniiMou>ly  apjM-oved  by  the  king, 


1^ 


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L 


i' 


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f 

M 


A.     JD 


% 


'hi 


barons,  and  all,  with  l,ut  one  excoption-tlio  Gm...l 
Master  of  the  Teniplnrs;    who,  listcnin-  cnlv  to  the 
dictates  of  chivalry,  went  to  the  tent  of  thV  kin- 
after  the  council  had  b'roken  np,  and  conjured  hin, 
not  to  let  such  a  stain  of  cowanh'ce   rest   ujM.n  tho 
Christian  name,  and  fame  of  the  Ivni-hts,  of  which 
the  army  was  so  laro:ely  composed,  l)ut  to  march  at 
once  to  the  attack  of  the  lyiohammedan  h..8t«.     '1'., 
this  the  king  at  lencrth  yielded,  an<l  gave,  the  order 
to  arm,  and  march  upon  Til^erias.*      Upon  receiv- 
ii)o-    this    unexpected    order,    the    barons    repuirc<l 
to  tlio  quarters  of  the  king,  to  endeavor  to  dissuade 
him  from  this  step  ;  but  he  would  not  even  give  them 
an  audience,  and  his  order  to  advance  was  immedi- 
ately carried  out.     Saladin  had  great  confidence  <.f 
victory,  could  he  but  draw  the  Franks  from  tlieir 
position,  and  bring  on  a  general  engagement ;  con- 
sequently their  advance  fell  in  completely  with  his 
wishes  and  plans.     He  immediately  despatched  nis 
light   troops   to  harass   the   Christian  armv    on  its 
march,  and  posted  his   main    army  along  the  hiirh 
ground   between   Tiberias  and  Tell  Ilattin.      Thi^ 
was  on  Friday.     In  the  afternoon  the  Christian  armv 
reached  the  open  ground  around  el  Lubieh,  whiii 
immediately  a  sharp  engagement  between  the  light 
troops  of    the  two  armies  took  place,  but  with  n-' 
results  of  importance,  as  the  King's  soldiers  were  s«» 
exhausted  by  their  long  march  under  the  scorching 
sun,   and    suffering  so  much  from   thirst,  that  thov 
made  no  headway  against  the  iierce  Saracens.     Tre- 

*  But  few  of  the  military  terms  in  use  now  were  known  at  the 
period  in  which  this  battle  took  place. 


|!^- 


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t 


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rious  to  making  the  advance,  the  Cliristians  were 
filled  with  contideiice  in  their  superior  prowess  and 
tactics,  consequently  the  result  of  the  first  onset 
not  t>nlj  astonished  them,  but  filled  tliem  with  fear 
and  dismay  ;  and  instead  of  pressing  on  at  once,  and 
attackiuic  the  army  of  Saladin,  and  at  least  breaking 
through  to  the  lake,  where  a  supply  of  water  might 
be  obtained,  the  king  gave  ordei-s  to  encamp  on 
the  rocky  plain,  where  there  was  no  water,  and  thus 
deferred  a  general  engagement  until  the  next  day. 
This  was  a  fatal  step,  and  was  said  to  have  been 
counselled  by  Riiyniond,  from  treachery ;  and,  from 
the  manner  of  his  escape  at  the  termination  of 
the  battle,  it  would  aj^pcar  as  though  there  was  s<»me 
collusion  between  him  and  Saladin.  The  night 
was  a  dreadful  one  for  the  Christians:  suffering 
from  thirst,  and  not  a  drop  of  water  within  their 
reach,  and  in  such  fear  of  a  night  attack  that  sleep 
was  out  of  the  question.  Added  to  this,  the  Sai-acen 
scouts  succeeded  in  approaching  very  near  their  camp 
and  settinff  fire  to  the  drv  shrubs  round  about  it, 
the  heat  and  smoke  of  which  increased  still  more 
their  distresses.  In  this  situation  the  night  was 
passed  ;  and  at  early  dawn  they  found  themselves 
closely  surr<3unded  by  the  hosts  of  Saladin,  flushed 
with  confidence,  and  eager  for  the  conflict — which 
commenced  by  their  attacking  the  more  exposed  parte 
of  the  Christian  army,  which  brought  on  a  general 
engagement ;  and  whenever  the  Franks  pressed  for- 
ward in  solid  masses,  or  made  a  well-directed  charge, 
the  Saracens  cave  way  atonce.  but  would  a<r:iin  return 
to  the  conflict ;  and,  by  hovering  around  and  making 


y)r4V 


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constant  charges  against  vulnerable  ix>intfi,  thev  su. 
ceeded   m   exOmusting  and  d.-,norahV.ing  the  Fnu.k. 
so  that  the   f<>ot-soldie,-s   broke  their   rank..    Sum.o 
threw  down  their  arms  and  surrendered  ;  othe.^  fle.j 
and  were  pursued  and  cut  to  pieces  ;  while  the  ..rent 
body  retreated  in  confusion  to  the  sunnnit  of  M?M.nt 
IJattni,  from  which  the  king  attempted  to  rally  them 
to  support  the  knights  in  pr.,tecting  the  Holy  Crosg 
but  without   avail.     An   attempt  w^ls  then   madet! 
encamp   around   the  Cross;    but  the  Saracens  now 
pressed   upon   them,   and   disc-harged   a  shower  of 
arrows,  by  one  of  Mhich  the  bearer  of  the  Cross  waa 
slam       In  this  extremity  the  king  gave  orders  to  re- 
new the  fight;  but  it  was  too  late,  as  they  were  now 
so  exliausted   and   disheartened  that  they  were  but 
little  better  than  a  confused  mob ;  and,  in  this  ex- 
tremity, Raymond  and  his  followers,  when  ordered  to 
advance,  put  their  horses  to  full  speed  over  the  dea.I 
bodies  of  their  fallen  comrades,  and  rushed  through 
the   ranks  of  the  enemy,  which  oj^ened  to  Ut  tf^m 
pass,  and  thus  escaped,  by  a  shameful  flbrht,  in  the 
direction  of  Tyre.      The  king  then  M'ithdrew  to  the 
height  of   Tell  Hattiu,  with  a  few  knights  and  other 
brave  followers,  where,  for  a  time,  they  maintained 
their  position  against  the  fearful  odds  against  them, 
but  were  at  length  obliged  to  yield,  when  some  were' 
driven  headlong  over  the  steep  precipice  on  the  north- 
em  side  of  the  hill,  and  othei-s  were  taken  prisonen^. 
Among  the  latter  were  the  King,  Pta^^lald  of  Chati- 
llon,  Honroy  of   Toi-on,  the  Bfshop'of  Lyddsi,  and 
the  Grand  Master  of  the  Templare.     Tlie"  latter,  al- 
though his  advice  to  advance  might  have  been  injudi- 


'^ 


><>  >~< 


k 

KM 

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J. 


eitms,  yet  liy  his  concluet  tln-oughont  this  hloody  con- 
diet  added  new  histre  to  the  reputiitiou  of  tho 
Kiiiirhts  Tetnphirs  forchivalrie  eoiira^ife  and  fortitiulo. 
luiinediately  after  the  battle,  the  captive  prince!; 
were  led  before  Saladin,  who  received  them  in  the 
antechamber  of  his  pavilion,  and  with  the  respect 
due  to  their  positions — except  Tlaynald,  on  whom  his 
eye  fell  fiercely,  for  ho  remembered  him  as  the  bitter 
enemy  of  his  people,  and  as  the  immediate  cause  of 
this  conllict,  in  which  so  many  of  his  best  warriors 
had  lost  their  lives.  At  the  oi'der  of  Saladin.  cool 
sherbet  was  presented  to  the  kini;  ;  l»ut  when  the 
latter  passed  it  to  Itaynald,  Saladin  said  to  him, 
"  Thou  givest  him  drink,  not  I,"  in  accordance  with  an 
Arab  custom,  that  whoever  jjives  drink  or  f<^od  to 
another,  is  bound  to  protect  him  at  all  hazards. 
After  the  other  prisoners  had  received  refreshments, 
Saladin  addressed  Uaynald,  npbraidini;  him  for 
his  cruelty  and  insolence  against  the  Mohannne- 
dans  and  their  religion,  and  for  breaking  the  truce  ; 
and  ended  by  inviting  him  to  embrace  Mohannne- 
danism.  Itayiuild  replied  that  he  had  lived,  and 
Would  die,  only  in  the  Christian  faith  ;  upon  which, 
Saladin  rose  from  his  seat,  drew  his  scimitar,  ami  at 
a  Itlow  cleft  tlir<jugh  JlayiiaUrs  shoulder;  when  thi; 
attendants  "ushed  upon  and  despatched  him.  Sala- 
din then  assured  the  king  and  pi-inces  that  their 
lives  were  safe — that  the  massacre  of  Raynald  was 
only  the  ptmishment  due  his  atrocities;  but,  smait- 
ing  mider  the  remend)rance  of  the  many  chastise- 
ments his  people  had  received  at  tlu;  hamls  of  the 
Knights  Templai*s,  and  also  that  on  that  day  scores 


iV 


'^\^^^l  l/(, 


^Et* 


/. 


OWH^v 


y> 


^jft^jp^ 


WAR   HORSES   AFTER   THE   BATTLE. 


X 


of  his  warriors  had  hocti  laid  low  by  llio  strong  nrmg 
of  these  same  knights,  lie  ordered  tlu'iii  t(j  ho  put  to 
death;  when  the  captive  knights  were  all  holiejuled 
without  merey ;  hut  the  king  and  ])rincc'«  were  sunt 
to  Damascus.  Thus  ended  this  great  hattle,  and  dis- 
aster to  the  Christian  army,  and,  as  a  consequence, 
the  Christian  sway  in  the  Holy  Land.  For  in  pre- 
paring for  this  struggle  with  Saladin,  the  fortressj'H 
througliout  the  country  had  been  weakened  hy  draw- 
ing off  the  principal  part  of  their  garrisons,  so  that 
they  fell  an  easy  prey  to  the  Sultan,  and  surrendered, 
one  after  another,  until  the  thiixl  of  October,  M-hcii 
the  Holy  City  itself  capitulated. 

Among  the  results  of  this  battle  were  the  loss  of 
the  Iloly  Land  to  the  Christians,  and  its  return  to 
semi-barbarism  ;  and  the  almost  total  annihilation  of 
the  Knights  Templars — rendei-ing  it,  in  its  effects  on 
civilization  and  its  tragic  termination,  one  of  the  most 
important  and  remarkable  battles  ever  fought  in  this 
quarter  of  the  globe. 

ATHLEET. 

The  ruins  of  this  singular  ancient  city  are  a  short 
distance  south  of  Mt.  Carmel,  on  the  shore  of  the 
Mediterranean.  The  traveler  ai^proaching  them 
from  the  north  first  sees  a  vast  column,  which  seems 
to  spring  from  the  waves,  but  on  a  nearer  ajq>roac-h 
it  is  found  to  be  a  part  of  a  mass  of  magniticent 
ruins.  First  of  all  is  found  mi  immense  wall,  per- 
fectly similar,  in  its  form  and  the  finish  of  its  stones, 
to  the  Coliseum  at  Kome ;  behind  it  is  seen  the  beau- 


)\\ 


I 

I' 

i/i' 


7V' 


f  if  111  fretted  reinaiiis  of  a  inonnnieiit,  a  inoslc,  and 
the  ruins  of  divers  ancient  buildings — parts  of  some 
of  them  standing  and  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 
About  half  a  mile  from  this  the  shore  rises  abruptly, 
and  changes  from  sand  to  soft  rock.  In  this  rock 
many  curious  apartments  are  found  cut.  This  might 
have  been  a  primitive  town,  which  M'as  cut  in  the 
rock  before  mankind  had  Icai-ned  the  art  of  raising 
stones  from  the  ground,  and  erecting  their  dwellings 
on  its  surface;  and  is  doubtless  one  of  those  subter- 
ranean towns  of  which  the  earliest  historians  speak. 
]\rany  of  these  ai-tificial  caverns  are  of  great  extent, 
with  elevated  entrances,  approached  by  broad  steps; 
and  ai'c  lighted  by  openings  pierced  through  the 
rock,  and  the  entrances  and  windows  open  upon 
streets  deeply  cut  in  the  bowels  of  the  hill.  Several 
of  these  streets,  deep  and  Avide,  can  be  plainly 
ti-accd,  and  the  marks  of  chariot  wheels  arc  still 
visible.  In  some  places  canals  had  been  dug  to 
the  sea,  through  which  glimpses  are  obtained  of 
(he  mdf  behind  the  town.  The  only  inhabitants 
now  are  vultures  and  starlings,  multitndes  of  which 
start  up  at  the  approach  of  the  explorer.  Passing 
ill  rough  these  wonderful  labyrinths,  an  opening 
llirough  the  ancient  wall  of  the  city  is  found  ;  pass- 
ing through  this,  the  traveler  is  etpudly  astonished 
at  the  wonderful  relics  of  the  past,  and  the  tierce 
tiibe  of  Aral)s  which  now  inhabit  the  place.  In 
eveiy  direction  are  seen  ruins  of  puldic  edifices, 
towci'S,  nioinnnents,  and  privates  dwellings;  and 
among  these,  in  every  conceivable  kind  of  shelter, 
arc    the    families   of    the   wild    tribe   which   make 


this  their  citadel  and  place  of  al)ode  ; — soine  liviii" 
in  a  room  that  was  once  a  part  of  a  8j)lendi(l  dwt-ll- 
ino;,  some  nnder  an  immense  bl<x;k  of  stone,  one 
end  of  which  rests  on  another,  while  otliei-s  have 
tents,  made  by  stretcliing  skins  of  the  black  "-oat 
from  the  base  of  one  column  to  anothei-. 

On  an  elevation  at  the  entrance  to  the  town  arc 
the  ruins  of  a  lioman  temple,  several  of  the  coluniiis 
of  which  have  fallen  together  in  such  a  wav  as  to 
form  a  large  cave,  which  is  occupied  by  the  Sheik 
and  his  family.  Swarthy,  ferocious  men,  woimn, 
horses,  and  black  goats  may  be  seen,  in  grouj)s  ainl 
singly,  in  all  directions;  the  scene  is  novel  and  sti'ik- 
iiig.  The  dwellings  of  this  tribe  are  mingled  and 
confounded  with  the  ruins  of  theaters,  clnn-che>,  and 
ancient  dwellings.  AVomcn  are  seen  jnilking  she- 
goats  on  the  steps  of  a  theater.  In  another  dii-ection 
a  flock  of  sheep  may  be  seen,  jumping  one  by  one 
through  the  deep  windows  of  a  palace  or  a  church, 
and  Arabs,  seated  cross-legged,  are  smoking  their 
pipes  imder  the  carved  arch  of  a  Horn  an  gateway. 

At  the  end  of  the  town,  ncai-  the  edge  of  the  sea, 
are  the  ruins  of  an  inmiense  temple, — which  the 
Arabs  hold  in  great  revei'cnce.  The  traveler  ap- 
proaching this  spot  is  met  with  fierce  threats  from 
the  men,  and  floods  of  abuse  from  the  women  and 
children.  This  edifice  a])pears  to  have  serveil  in 
turn  as  a  heathen  temple.  Christian  church,  and 
Mohammedan  mosk ;  but  time,  mIucIi  sj)orts  with 
the  productions  of  men.  is  fast  changing  these  ruins 
to  dust;  and  the  knee  of  the  camel  now  bends  on 
flags  on  which  many  generations  in  religion  have  in 


h 


J 


^ 


iA\ 


T-^ 


3i>2 

turn  bent  before  different  gods ;  and  climbing  vines 
hi\n<'  iu  leafy  and  Howery  tufts  from  the  tops  of 
broken  arc-lies  and  columns. 


PERGAMOS : 

ri"S     FORMXU    M-VGXiriCKXCE      AXD   GRAND    AKCUITECTU- 
KAL    UEMAIXS. 

ri;no.vMo8  stood  en  the  river  Caicus,  and  about  04: 
miles  north  of  Smyrna.  This  city  was  the  capital  of 
ancient  Mysia,  and  was  long  the  centre  of  a  consider- 
able emi)ire.  It  was  a  city  of  higli  antiquity  and 
great  magnilicence.  Six  successive  kings  reigiied  in 
it  from  283  to  133  b.c.  It  then  fell  under  the  power 
of  the  Romans  ;  a  usurper  subsequently  re-erected  its 
throne,  but  it  was  again  brought  under  subjection  by 
the  Romans,  who  destroyed  many  of  its  iiduibitants 
by  poisoning  the  public  waters,  A  famous  library  of 
200,000  volumes  was  collected  at  Pergamos  by  its 
kings,  and  was  afterwards  carried  away  by  Cleoi)atra 
and  added  to  the  library  at  Alexandria.  Parchment 
was  invented  and  tii-st  used  at  Pergamos.  It  was  also 
remarkable  as  being  the  birthphice  (»f  (ialen  the 
phvsician,  and  Ajtollodorus  the  mythologist,  and  as 
the  chief  scene  of  the  worship  of  ^'Esculai)ius. 

The  ruins  of  this  ancient  city  are  many  and  grand  ; 
and  the  situation  indicates  the  j)eople  who  selec- 
ted it.  It  eminaces  in  its  view  the  ])lain  of  Per- 
gamos, with  its  chain  of  mountains,  and  is  lit  by  tlie 
rising  sun.  There  is  m  the  middle  t>f  the  city  a 
irnnip  of  ruins  of  great  extent,  and   appear  to  be  the 


II:      ■ 


i  J 


'  ( 


: 


>— ^— — 


^n^^n. 


remains  of  a  pala,.,..  Tlu-  rivn- was  . panned  l.v  fiv.. 
bnd.-es,  one  ot  whic-h  was  „f  splnnli.!  nut^onry,  u'n.I 
wuJetlKxt  It  fonns  u  tunvd  u  fnrl<.n,M-n  I.M,.tl,  „,..., 
wl.u-haportionoitlicgreat|>alac.c..t.K„I.  Manwault. 
am  several  niosks  an.i  khuns  ....c-npv  ti.e  Inlildin;..* 
of  the  ancients.  TJie  walls  of  ll.o  Turkish  h..nK.s,  U-ul^ 
I'u.  t  of  the  ancient  ruins,  are  full  of  reli.-.s  of  n.urbKT 
with  ornaments  of  the  richest  (nvcian  art. 

All    the  works   standing,    are    ma-MJlicu-nt.     The 
amphitheater  southwest  of  the  ca.stle,  thou-d.  In  nnnn 
IS  a  wonderful  building;  a  river  runs  thna.gh  it  and' 
the  arches  under  gnmnd  are   beautiful  specinuM..  of 
masonry.     The  arches  above  ground  wore  e.p.allv  line 
but  although  they  now  stand  tier  ab.,vetier  all  thJ 
pints  have   been    chipped    as    in   the    Colise.nn    at 
Kome,  and  not  a  scat  remains;  but  the  sruj.endons 
works  under  ground  will  defy  the  efforts  of  the  Turks 
to  remove  them.     Triumphal  arches  and  houses  in 
rums  are  to  be  seen   in   the  modern    town,  am.m- 
which  are  the  huts  of  the  Turks,  bearing  about  the 
same  pi-oportion  to  them  as  the  nests  of  the  st..rk.s  to 
the  ruined  palaces  in   which  they  alone  now  reign. 
]\rany  fine  relics  are  found  in  the  Turkish  cemeteries ; 
and  one  of  these  cemeteries  in   the   vicinitv  of  the 
ancient  theatre  has  forages  been  supplied  with  marble 
embellishments  fi-om  thi-  ruins  of  that  great  stru.-ture. 
Columns  and  ornamented  stones  are  used  by  the  Turks 
for   building    material  and  a  great  varietv  of  other 
purposes.     Many  beautiful  marbles  and  o'ther  relic* 
have  been  carried  away  for  the  musemns  of  Eun.|.e. 
The  ancient  Acropolis  cj-owns  a  hill,  and,  including 
the  citadel  and  a  heathen  temple,  covers  an  area  of 


'ry 


fmSS? 


,—^ 


over  ei"-ht  acres  and  eommaiuls  the  citv,  also  a  ijjrai)t.l 
and  picturesque  view  of  the  surrounding;  country. 

liur^^aiuo,  the  modern  town,  h:i8  a  population  of 
only  15,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  13,000  are  Turks, 
1,500  Greeks,  and  the  rest  Armenians  and  Jews.  The 
onlv  representative  of  the  iinmense  ancient  library  i> 
a  collection  of  about  50  volumes — and  a  dirty  Italian 
(pjack  is  the  cliief  physician  in  the  city  of  Galen 
and  ^Esculapius. 

GERGESIIA. 

This  splendid  ancient  city  was  situated  on  the 
river  Jabbok,  about  23  miles  east  of  the  Jordan,  and 
38  miles  south-east  of  Lake  Tiberias.  It  was  one  of 
the  ten  cities  of  the  Ronum  colony  of  Decapolis.  In 
the  wars  of  the  Jews  with  the  Uoinans  it  was  stormed, 
taken,  and  ])illaL;ed  by  Alexander,  chielly  on  account 
of  its  wealth  ;  and  was  afterwards  iired  and  destroyed 
by  the  enra«;ed  Jews,  in  reveni^eof  the  massacre  of  a 
number  of  their  nation  at  Cesarca.  Afterwards  it 
was  attacked,  nearly  demolislied,  and  a  lar^^e  number 
«tf  its  inhabitants  slain,  l)y  a  detachment  of  the  Roman 
armv  duriniz;  the  preparation  for  the  sietje  «>f  Jeru- 
salem. Sul)sef[uently  it  was  i-estored  and  served  as  a 
frontier  fortress  of  the  Lower  Empire,  nhiW'j;  the  side 
of  the  Svrian  provinces.  But  it  iinally  received  its 
death-blow  fiom  the  Saracens,  and  sank  into  i>ro- 
found  oblivion,  and  only  within  a  few  years  i)ast  has 
it  a<;ain  been  known  to  the  civilized  world.  Its  site 
and  ruins  were  lirst  discovered  by  Dr.  Sect/.en ; 
and  has  since  been  visited  bv  several  eminent  travelers. 


^ 


'X' 


'uT — ir» 


;j2o 


The  size  and  maguificence  of  thia  ancicMit  citv  nro 
attested  by  its  ruins,  which  are  unrivalled  even  by 
those  of  Baalbek  and  Tadnior,  Fallen  as  the  ruiuH  are 
now,  enouf^h  is  left  to  prove  that  the  banks  of  u  Btreuni 
of  that  oft-derided  land  were  once  so  enriched  and 
adorned,  and  that  too  by  a  people  given  up  to  id(»latrv, 
as  to  challenge  in  their  magniiicence,  though  in  ruins, 
any  spot  in  Europe.  The  streets  of  (Jergcsha  were 
lined  with  colonnades  from  end  to  eiul,  and  opened  a 
way  to  public  edifices  which  yet  lost  not  their  distinc- 
tion, while  statelier  or  fairer  columns  were  doubled  or 
mnltiplied  around  them. 

The  ruins  are  found  on  both  sides  of  a  stream 
which  divided  the  city  nearly  in  the  middle.  The 
walls,  where  not  almost  entire,  form  a  distinct  lineal 
monnd  of  hevm  stones  of  a  considerable  heiirht,  and 
enclose  an  immense  space,  almost  entirely  covered 
with  ruins.  The  principal  street  extends  nearly  from 
one  end  of  the  ruins  to  the  other,  and  was  lined  on 
both  sides  with  splendid  columns,  many  of  which  are 
now  fallen,  many  fractured  and  shortened,  and  not  a 
few  are  still  standing  unbroken — some  30  feet  high, 
others  25,  and  the  lowest  about  20.  On  one  side  of 
the  street,  in  less  than  a  third  of  its  length  34  columns 
are  yet  standing.  Behind  the  columns  there  are  in 
some  places  vaulted  apartments  which  appear  to  have 
been  shops.  Cross  streets  diverging  from  the  long 
central  street,  had  also  their  colonnades  and  were 
adorned  with  public  edifices  or  bridges,  while  tlio 
more  distant  spaces  on  each  side  are  covered  with  in- 
discriminate ruins  of  the  habitations  of  the  lower  class 
of  people.     The  remains  of  pavement  found  in  many 


\P)\ 


!.^.| 


r 


3l'''. 


of  the  streets  would  put  to  shame  tliat  in  \i=e  in  th(> 
capital  of  France.  One  of  the  bridges  was  built  \erv 
high,  60  as  to  render  the  acclivity  less  dangerous;  an<l 
transvei'se  lines  were  found  cut  in  the  pavement,  ii: 
jilaces  where  the  grade  was  steep,  to  prevent  the 
horses  from  slipping.  Not  far  from  the  centre  of  the 
ruins  is  a  copious  fountain  of  the  clearest  water,  and 
near  this  are  the  ruins  of  a  large  building,  with  massive 
walls,  consisting  of  arched  chambers  similar  to  Roman 
baths,  and  which  was  doubtless  a  public  bath.  Oppo- 
eite  to  the  large  bath,  in  a  straight  line  across  the 
city,  is  an  arched  gateway  facing  the  principal  street, 
which  leads  to  the  splendid  remains  of  a  magnificent 
temple,  such  as  few  countries  have  ever  shown.  Tiic 
fallen  roof  now  covers  the  base  of  this  edifice ;  three 
of  the  walls  are  still  standing,  and  in  the  sides  of 
which  the  niches  for  images  are  seen.  The  front  of 
the  temple  was  adorned  with  a  noble  portico,  havin- 
three  rows  of  grand  Corinthian  columns  40  feet  iii 
height,  the  capitals  of  which  are  beautifully  orna- 
mented with  acanthus  leaves.  The  spacious  area  in 
which  it  stood  was  surrounded  in  like  manner  b\'  a 
d<)ul)le  row  of  columns,  the  total  number  of  which 
could  not  have  been  less  than  200.  This  temple  was 
built  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  square,  and  is  about 
14-0  feet  in  length  by  70  in  width.  Its  front  is  open 
to  the  south-east,  and  there  is  here  a  noble  portico  of 
12  columns  disposed  in  tliree  rows.  All  of  the  col- 
umns of  the  great  portico  are  still  standing,  and  these, 
being  nearly  0  feet  in  diameter  and  50  feet  in  height, 
have  an  air  of  great  grandeur,  and  present  a  hajipy 
combination  of  strength  &nd  beauty. 


■-V! 


■m 


/ 


4!  . 


'I 


X 


¥'i-X 


n^:^^  \ 


'^^^,,VC, 


Triumphal  Arch,  Uuniali. 


1-  .H.   /  \ 


<^Wi- 


Colonnade -Geriwh. 


J.I 


Near  the  grccat  temple  stiiiuls  a  theatre  whioli  luia 
16  rows  of  benches,  with  a  tier  oi  G  boxes,  between 
every  two  of  which  is  a  iiiclie,  fonniiii;  a  very  clci^iint 
ornament,  and  as  befitting  a  phice  for  idols  as  the 
walls  of  a  church.  But  the  transformation  this  theatre 
has  undergone  is  such,  that  in  1S39  a  lino  croj. 
of  tobacco  was  raised  in  the  arena,  which  is  about 
50  paces  in  diameter. 

On  an  eminence  at  one  end  of  the  city,  opposite  to 
the  termination  of  the  grand  street  are  anotlicr  tem- 
ple and  theatre.  The  hill  on  which  they  stood  wjts 
connected  with  the  princely  street  by  a  magnificent 
bcmicircle  of  Ionic  columns,  57  of  which  are  >u\\ 
standing.  Their  heiglit  was  varied  with  the  rising 
ground,  to  give  a  uniform  level  to  the  whole  entabla- 
ture. This  immense  theatre,  larger  than  that  of 
Bacchus  at  Athens,  and  capable  of  containing  8/><t(> 
spectators,  was  partly  cut  in  the  rock  and  partly  built. 
The  proscenium  is  very  j^erfect,  and  embellishe<i 
within  by  five  richly  decorated  niches,  which  are  con- 
nected together  by  a  line  of  columns,  of  which  there 
is  another  parallel  range  within.  The  remains  of  a 
beautiful  temple  stood  near  this  theatre ;  it  wa- 
ornamented  with  pilasters  surrounded  by  Corinthian 
capitals ;  without  it  was  surrounded  by  a  peristyle  of 
grand  columns  of  the  same  order  supporting  an  en- 
tablature; and  facing  the  city  there  was  a  n(»ble  ]><>r- 
tico  of  two  rows  of  columns,  to  which  a  grand  flight 
of  stairs  led  from  below. 

The  view  from  this  spot  is  still  wonderful ;  but  in 
the  days  of  Gergesha's  glory,  it  must  have  been  a 
soectacle  of  unequalled  magnificence.    The  whole 


!srr^. 


330 

town,  iii(.-luJinjr  a  vast  area  and  surrounded  bv  an  iin- 
niense  wall,  is  embraced  in  the  view.  Innnediately 
below  is  tlie  noble  Ionic  crescent,  from  the  centre  of 
which  the  main  street  extends.  Of  the  lines  of  col- 
umns on  each  side,  eis'htv-thi-ee  are  now  standinj;  witli 
their  entablatures,  and  portions  and  pedestals  of  the 
remainder  are  plainly  visible.  Around  them  on  ev- 
ery side  are  confused  heaps  of  ruins,  which  have  only 
fallen  from  the  violence  of  ruthless  barbarism.  These 
colunms,  raisinfic  their  slender  forms  amon<j  the  jren- 
eral  wreck,  and  stretching  in  long  lines  amidst  the 
renuiins  of  former  magnificence,  produce  an  effect 
hardly  surpassed  by  anything  found  in  Kgypt, 
Greece,  or  Italy.  A  tra\eler  thus  describes  the  gen- 
eral effect:  "  The  circular  colonnade,  the  avenues  of 
Corinthian  pillars  forming  the  grand  street,  the  south- 
ern gate  of  entrance,  the  naumachia,  and  the  tri- 
umphal arch  beyond  it,  the  theatres,  temples,  aque- 
ducts, and  all  theassemblaiie  of  noble  buildiuirs  which 
])resented  their  vestiges  to  view,  seemed  to  indicate  a 
city  built  only  for  luxury,  splendor,  and  pleasure."  It 
would  be  vain  to  attempt  a  picture  of  the  impres- 
sions produced  by  such  a  sight. 

THE  IIAUKAN. 


Laxd  of  !Mvsti:ky — Irs  Iluixs  ok  Ancikxt  Cities — 
Its  m\xy  Dkseuteu  Yillaciks. 

rfAFRAN  is  the  general  name  of  an  extensive  jtlaiii 
which  begins  about  thirty  miles  east  of  the  livcr  .Ini- 
dan.      It  is  sometimes  level,  sometimes  undulatiii: 
with  occasionallv  a  low  round  hill. 


Vl: 


"-XT 


■^ 


Part  of  the  principal  street,  Q«nuib. 


(Jerash.     Great  Teiriplc  from  the  Colounade. 


■9k  J"  ^ 


,  li»iil>    L      iL   >  I 


>^ 


'6'6'S 

This  district  is  covered  in  every  direction  with  tho 
ruins  of  ancient  cities,  and  deserted  towns  of  u  niorc 
recent  date — the  Liter  hqing  of  lloinun  ori^^in.  M<>.-1 
of  the  remains  of  ancient  cities  are  mere  hrajm  <.f 
ruins  and  rubbish,  while  man^'  of  tlie  bijiUlin|,'»  in  tlio 
Eoman  towns  are  nearly  as  perfect  juj  wIilmi  left  cen- 
turies ago  by  their  original  occupants.  Owing  to  a 
want  of  timber,  the  buildings  were  almost  entirely 
constructed  of  stone,  mostly  black  basalt.  Tho  dooiij 
arc  thick  slabs  of  stone,  fixed  into  their  socketa  when 
the  houses  were  built,  and  many  of  tho  roofs  rest  (»n 
arches.  The  present  inhabitants,  Arabs,  occupv  the 
same  houses  and  enter  by  the  same  dooi-s  Jis  did  tho 
old  Romans.  The  best  of  these  houses  are  found  at 
Zarava — modern  Ezra.  This  town  is  of  great  extent, 
and  the  buildings  are  in  a  good  state  of  preservation, 
even  whole  streets  being  still  in  good  repair.  At 
Nedjraun  is  a  mansion  of  unusual  size,  being  large 
enough  to  accommodate  half  a  dozen  families.  It 
was  doubtless  built  by  a  wealthy  Roman,  perhaps 
the  princij^al  man  of  the  place.  The  courts  of  this 
building  are  large  and  nearly  S(piare.  The  front  door 
was  very  large,  and  above  it  is  a  srpiare  window;  it 
had  also  a  window  on  each  side.  The  upper  nxmn 
are  small,  very  numerous,  and  now  occupied  by  sev- 
eral families  of  Arabs,  whose  appearance  would 
doubtless  astonish  the  original  occupants.  The  up- 
per story  recedes  the  width  of  tlie  hall,  leaving  a 
small  terrace  on  which  the  doors  of  the  several  apart- 
ments open.  The  wings  are  nUo  full  of  nxMUS ;  the 
ground  floor  of  that  to  the  right  is  in  part  (K-cnpied 
by  a  beautiful  stable,  seven  paces  long  by  nine  deep, 


-^:  >i^ 


^ 


■A) 


h 


A". 


I 

HI 


Vv») 


I 


^.1 


334 

and  spanned  bv  an  arch.  This  stable,  which  ages  age 
sheltered  Roman  steeds,  is  now  filled  with  the  horses 
of  the  Arabs.  This  whole  mansion  is  extremely  well 
built  of  hewn  stones,  and  nearly  all  the  rooms  are 
entire.  Most  of  the  larjre  towns  in  the  Ilauran  ex- 
hibit  traces  of  architectural  magnificence,  which 
Rome  so  freely  lavished  on  her  remotest  colonies ; 
but  what  is  still  more  striking  here  is  tlie  considera- 
tion evidenced  and  pains  taken  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare and  comfort  of  her  people.  There  is  scarcely  u 
village  without  its  stone  tank,  for  holding  rain-water, 
and  stone  bridge — structures  so  solidly  built  that 
many  of  them  are  still  as  good  as  new. 

A  striking  peculiarity  in  the  manners  and  custom- 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Ilauran  is,  that  the  richer ; 
live  like  the  poorest,  the  only  difference  being  that 
the  former  makes  a  display  of  his  wealth  on  tlu 
arrival  of  strangere,  while  the  hospitality  of  the  laltc  r 
is  unattended  with  any  display. 

The  ancient  buildings  afford  si)acio\is  and  conve- 
nient dwellings  for  a  large  portion  of  the  modern 
inhabitants,  and  those  who  occupy  them  may  have 
three  and  four  rooms  for  each  family;  but  in  newly 
built  villages  the  whole  family,  with  its  furniture, 
horses,  saddles,  guns,  and  yataghans,  are  all  huddled 
together  in  one  apartment.  Here  also  they  keej 
their  wheat  and  barley  in  a  reservoir  (fonued  from  u 
clay  called  Icawara),  which  is  about  five  feet  deep  Ijy 
two  in  diameter.  The  chief  articles  of  furniture  are 
a  hand-mill,  some  copper  kettles,  and  mats.  In  the 
richer  houses  some  coai-so  woollen  stuffs  used  pi-inci- 
piilly  for  car2)ets  and  horse-cloths  are  met  with  ;  rial 


W 


•  ';  I' 


V. 


1 


337 


carpets  are  seldom  seen,  except  mm  the  nrrivnl  of 
strangers  of  conseqnence.  Each  family  lia.s  a  lur^'c, 
singrular  shaped  earthen  jar,  which  is  fiUed  every 
morning  by  the  females  at  the  birket,  or  Hpriii;^,  f<»'r 
the  day's  use.  In  every  house  of  any  considorablu  hizo 
is  a  room  set  apart  for  the  use  of  strangerH,  and  Umi 
in  the  midst  of  it  a  fire-place  for  boiling  coffee— Ik ^ 
pitality  being  a  characteristic  of  the  people  of  the 
Ifauran.  A  traveler  may  alight  at  any  house  ho 
pleases,  a  mat  will  be  spread  for  him,  cdffee  made, 
and  breakfast  or  dinner  set  before  him.  It  often 
happens  on  entering  a  village  that  several  ])ersMns 
will  present  themselves  to  the  traveler,  each  begging 
that  he  will  lodge  at  his  house,  and  the  same  caro  ia 
taken  of  the  horse  or  camel  as  of  the  rider. 

Wealth  is  estimated  by  these  people  by  the  num- 
ber of  horses,  camels,  and  oxen  a  man  has.  If  it  is 
asked  if  such  a  one  has  property,  the  answer  is,  "  A 
great  deal,"  he  drives  six  oxen,  or  he  hius  camels, 
horses,  and  oxen,  a  great  many.  The  Fellalis  often 
cultivate  one  another's  fields  in  com]>any,  bnt  tlie 
Turkish  and  Christian  proprietoi*s  cultivate  their 
lands  by  hired  laborers,  or  let  their  fields  for  a  share 
of  the  produce.  A  laborer  who  has  a  pair  of  oxen 
usually  receives  one  gharara  of  corn  at]»lanting-time. 
and  at  harvest  takes  one-third  of  the  crop.  The  mas- 
ter pays  the  tax,  called  the  miri,  to  the  government. 
and  the  laborer  pays  10  piasters  anmndly.  A  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  agricultural  jx^pulation  of  the 
Ilauran  consists  of  day-laborere,  and  they  generally 
earn  their  living  very  hardly.  A  young  nnin  wjis  once 
met  with  here  who  had  served  seven  years  for  his 


':v: 


K 


\\     ' 


r*  - 


>    I 


V. 


^n__p.. 


1^3 


:!) 


m 


\fA 


!!>•' 


food  fttvl  rlothing,  but  at  the  expiration  of  tliat  period 
obtained  in  marriage  the  daughter  of  his  master,  for 
whom  he  would  otherwise  liave  had  to  pay  from 
poven  to  fight  liundred  piasters.  Daughtei-s  are  paid 
for  according  to  tlie  respectability  and  wealth  of  the 
father,  fn»in  seven  to  fifteen  hundred  piasters, 

Tiio  Druses  are  the  most  superior  race  in  tliis 
c-oiiitrv;  their  Sheiks  and  elderly  men  are  always 
WL-U  and  often  handsomely  dressed,  while  their  W'> 
men  are  neatness  itself  ;  and  they  never  go  out  with- 
out veiling  their  faces,  as  the  stern  morality  of  this 
people  forbids  the  slightest  indication  of  boldness  or 
levity.  A  fearful  instance  of  the  uncompromising 
st-veritv  with  which  the  Druses  visit  female  fmilty  is 
related  by  a  recent  traveler,  to  whom  the  deputy  of 
a  local  governor  told  the  tale  as  follows: — "I  was 
asleep  in  bed,  when  in  the  middle  of  the  night  I 
heard  a  knock  at  the  door  of  my  room.  '  \Vh<>  is 
tlicre?'  I  Siiid.  A  voice  answered,  '  Xas-redJin.'  I 
opened  the  door  and  in  came  a  Druse  with  a  sack  on 
his  back.  '  "\Miat  brings  you  here  at  this  untimely 
^■•nr?'  I  said.  '  My  sister  has  had  an  intrigue,  and 
ave  killed  her;  there  are  her  horn  and  other  orna- 
ments in  the  sack,  and  I  am  afraid  the  governor  will 
do  something  to  me:  I  want  your  intercession.'  'AVhy, 
there  are  two  bonis  in  the  sack,'  said  I.  '  I  killed  her 
•ther  too ;  she  knew  of  the  intrigue.'  '  There  is  no 
|..\i'er  but  in  God  Almighty:  if  your  sister  Wius  im- 
ptirc,  was  that  a  reason  for  killing  your  mother? 
t  lie  down  and  sleep.'  In  the  morning  I  said  to 
II,  'I  suppose  you  were  too  uneasy  to  sleep?' 
•  v  Allah  1  (H)  unhappy  has  dishonor  made  me,  that 


R 


.^>U--^i|^- 


> 
n 

H 

H 
O 

M 
> 

a 

H 
en 

r 

CD 


> 

o 

w 

H 

O 
W 
en 


i^^'jn^ 


■^^^H 


for  a  year  I  liave  not  slept  soiuhIIv  till  last  nL^.t  1 
then  went  with  l.i.u  to  the  ^rovernor,  und  saicF,  '  Will 
you  give  Kas-reddin  the.  handkerchief  of  an.ne.stv  ?' 
rhe  governor  said  to  Kas-reddin,  -Speak  without 
fear ;  upon  which  he  recounted  his  story,  when  the 
governor  said,  'La  has'  (no  harm),  on  which  he 
kissed  the  governor's  hand  and  went  away  " 

The  whole  of  this  region  was  once  thickly  stu.l- 
ded  over  with  towns  and  cities,  and  appears  to  have 
been  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  densely  populated 
countries  on  the  face  of  the  earth;  but,  in  conse- 
quence of  bad  government,  the  population  is  rapidly 
decreasing,  and  many  once  flourishing  villa-es  and 
cities  now  contain  only  empty  dwellings  and  deso- 
ate  ruins.  The  present  population  is  estimated  to 
be  only  about  50,000. 

The  view  over  the  Hauran  is  at  all  times  most 
striking,  and  from  many  points  extremely  beautif.d 
Grebel  Sheik,  or  Ilermon,  the  last  mountain  of  the 
Cham  of  Anti-Lebanon,  is  always  visible  to  the  n  w 
Gebel  llauran-a  range  of  hills-limits  the  view  to 
the  E.,  but  to  the  s.e.  it  is  boundless.  The  soil  is 
naturally  excellent ;  numerous  corn-fields  surround 
every  village,  while  in  many  places  the  pastura-e  is 
good,  and  is  grazed  by  the  flocks  of  the  Bedouins,\'ho 
\isit  the  Hauran  in  swarms  every  sprintr. 

E.N.E.  of  the  Hauran  is  a  very  singular  region  called 
the  Szafl^a  ;  it  is  a  stony  district,  much  resembling  the 
Ledja,  except  that  the  rocks  with  which  it  is  co^''ered 
are  larger.  Its  circumference  is  equal  to  two  or  three 
days'  travel,  and  it  is  a  place  of  refuge  for  the  Arabs 
who  fly  from  the  Pasha's  troops,  or  from   their  cue- 


r n. 


342 

niics  in  the  desert.  The  Szaffa  has  no  sprinj^,  tlie 
only  supply  being  rain-water  collected  in  cisterns. 
There  is  but  one  entrance  into  tliis  re«xion,  and  tliat 
istlu\»u^h  a  narrow  pass  called  13ab-el  Szaffa — a  clef t 
between  hi^h  perpendicular  rocks,  not  more  than  two 
yards  wide — which  none  dare  to  enter  as  enemies. 
JJanv  eaui^uinary  encounters  between  j>ui-sued  and 
pursuei-s  have  taken  place  at  this  pass,  as  ifi  attested 
l>v  numerous  skeletons  and  human  bones  nu't  wiih 
here. 


h\  ^ 


J 


i^ 


-x 


4)^ 


1\^ 


|// 


^f' 


v^ 


\i- 


j.a^ 


li 


CHAPTER   XI. 

PLACES  CONNECTED  WITH  TUE  CRUCIFIXION. 

DaxniPs  Tomb,  The  Last  Supper — The  Garden  of  Gr.thse- 
inane,  Christ's  Agony — Hill  of  J^oil  Counsel — Church 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre — Place  of  Crucifixion — Jluly 
ISepulchre — Place  of  Ascension. 

DAVru's   TOaiB,  OR   RESTING-PLACE,   THE   LAST   SUPPER. 

This  place  is  on  the  soutlieru  sl(>])e  of  Mount  Zion,  a 
short  distance  from  its  sumuiit,  and  is  covered  hy  a  ]>ile 
of  buildings,  in  one  of  the  most  ancient  of  which,  it  is 
believed,  was  the  room  where  Jesus  held  his  last  su})- 
per  with  his  disciples.  "  He  will  show  you,"  said  the 
Saviour,  "a  large  upper  room."  This  room  is  about 
fifty  feet  long  and  thirty  wide.  The  great  antiquity  of 
this  building  none  can  question.  Epiphaiiius,  towards 
the  close  of  the  fourth  century,  states  that  tliis  build- 
ing, with  a  few  others  near  it,  escaped  destruction 
when  Titus  overthrew  the  city. 

No.  61.  —THE  GARDEN  OF  GETHSEMANE,  CIIRISt's  AOONT. 

Just  east  of  the  Kidron,  at  tlie  foot  of  the  Mount  of 
Olives,  is  the  Garden  of  Gethsemane.    A  i>urt  of  it  \i 


V 1 


l/V' 


H 


:-   \ 
fell 


xjr^ 


cnc-l(iscd  liv  a  struiijr  stone  wnll  about  ten  feet  liiy:lL 
This  encloeure  is  sliaded  by  eight  venerable  old  olive 
fivifs,  and  i>lantt'il  with  beds  of  flowere  and  various 
kinds  of  shrubborv.  Its  close  pr«>.\iniity  to  the  city, 
and  the  nature  of  the  grounds,  would  i)oint  it  out  i\& 
a  suitable  jilaL-e  for  a  ]>nblii-  irarden.  The  i>lace  is  so 
l.lainly  indicated  in  the  Scripture  narrative,  as  to 
leave  no  room  to  doubt  but  that  this  enclosure  is  a 
part  of  the  ancient  Garden  of  Gethseniane.  And  he 
said,  "Abba,  Father,  all  things  are  possilde  unto  thee  ; 
take  away  this  ciiii  from  me:  nevertheless,  not  what 
1  will,  but  what  thou  wilt."     (St.  [Murk  xiv.  3G.) 


Iin.L   OF   EVIL  corxsEL. 

This  hill  takes  its  name  from  a  tradition  that  ^he  re- 
sidence of  Caiaphas  was  located  u]>on  its  summit,  and 
that  here  the  chief  ]>riests  and  scribes  assembled 
together  to  take  counsel  against  Jesus.  It  rises  to  a 
height  of  ncaily  five  hundred  feet  above  the  pf>ol  of 
Silojim,  and  is  situated  near  the  lower  j>ait  of  the 
valley. 

THE   PLACE   OF   CRUCIFIXION. 

Tlie  question  as  to  where  the  Crucilixion  did  take 
place  lias  been  carrieil  on  until  recently  without  any 
leiusonable  determination. 

It  has  been  supixtsed  that  the  Ibily  Sepulchre 
Ghurch  included  tlie  place  of  the  Crricilixion.  but  the 
c^»ui-b«  of  the  ancient  walls,  which   have  now   been 


^ 


& 


M 


^-9^ 


m 


^ 


very  accurately  traced  out,  lias  settled  that  point 
aijjainst  the  claim  that  this  church  c^ovei-ed  the  true 
site,  althouj^-h  there  is  uiidouhted  historical  evidence 
that  it  was  originally  built  in  the  fourtii  century, 
and  on  a  site  which  was  traditionally  said  to  have 
been  the  Calvary  of  the  Gospel  narrative.  ]>ut 
two  or  three  hundred  years  must  have  impaired  the 
tradition,  for  it  can  be  safely  said  that  the  name  and 
skull-shaped  hill  over  the  Jeremiah  Grotto  should 
have  pointed  out  the  ri<;lit  place  to  all  observing  eyes. 
We  know  from  a  comparison  of  the  plans  of  the  city 
in  the  time  of  Arculf,  a.d.  700,  of  the  Crusaders, 
1190,  and  also  in  Sandys,  1610,  that  the  location  of 
St.  Stephen's  Gate  had  been  changed  from  the  nort/i 
side  of  the  city,  now  called  Damascus  Gate,  to  the 
east  side,  where  it  is  now,  and  which  was  known  as 
the  Little  Gate,  a.d.  700,  and  Jehoshaphat  Gate  in  the 
Crusades. 

Attention  was  called  to  the  probability  of  the  true 
site  being  north  of  the  city  20  years  ago  by  Thenius, 
whose  \news  were  adopted  by  other  scholars  such  as 
Fisher,  Robinson,  Howe  (Oriental  Scenes,  1S54) ;  A. 
L.  Rawson  (Map  of  Palestine,  1856) ;  Robert  Morris 
(Youthful  Explorers  in  the  Holy  Land,  1870). 

The  requirements  of  the  Scripture  narrative  as  to 
the  place  will  be  seen  from  the  following. 

And  he  bearing  his  cross  wetit  forth  into  a  place 
called  the  place  of  a  skull,  which  is  called  in  the 
Hebrew,  Golgotha. 

And  Pilate  wrote  a  title,  and  put  it  on  the  cross. 
And  the  writing  was,  Jescs  of  JSazaketh  tub  Kin. 
OF  THE  Jews. 


■       1^/— '*^P 


n rv. 


\). 


H\ 


I  /  }'\  I 

■      N      : 


w 


^m^^m. 


Thifi  title  then  read  many  of  the  Jews:  for  the 
place  where  Jesns  was  crucified  was  niyh  to  th^  city  : 
and  it  was  written  in  Hebrew,  and  Greek,  and  Latin. 

Now  in  the  place  whei-c  he  was  crucitied  there 
was  a  garden  ;  and  in  the  garden  a  new  sepulchre, 
wherein  was  never  man  yet  laid.  St.  John,  xix.  17, 
19,  20,  41. 

And  they  bring  him  unto  the  place  Golgotha^  which 
is  bein«'  interpreted,  the  place  of  a  skidl  (St.  Mark. 
XV.  22). 

And  as  they  came  ont  they  found  a  man  of  Cyrene 
Simon  bv  name  :  him  they  compelled  to  bear  his  cross. 

And  when  they  were  come  unto  a  place  called 
Gohjotfui,  that  is  to  say  a  place  of  the  i<l'ull  (Mat- 
hew,  xxvii.  32,  33). 

AVherefore  Jesus  also  that  he  might  sanctify  the 
people  with  his  own  blood  suffered  without  the  gate 
(Hebrews,  xiii.  12). 

MEETIXO    TUK    KEQUIREifEXTS. 
GOLGOTnA. 

This  name  is  derived  from  the  Hebrew  for  skull, 
and  being  translated  into  Greek  is  Kranium,  and 
into  Latin  is  Calvaria,  which  also  means  skull.  All 
of  these  terms  apply  to  a  skull-shaped  hill  wliich 
has  been  known  as  the  Grotto  of  Jeremiah,  though 
without  any  connection  with  that  prophet  historical 
or  tmditional.  This  hill  is  very  distinctly  skull-shaped 
a'i  mav  be  seen  in  the  engraving,  and  it  also  answers 
ni<»st,  if  not  all,  of  the  rerpiirements  of  the  text. 

1.  The  place  is  said  in  the  Gospel  account  to  have 
Ikh'Ii  oiit  of  the  city  ;  thi(»  place  is  so  now,  and  there 


T 


5i'i 


m 


fe^^ef^ 


'■W^^ift'^'  - 


^lU--: 


4^' 


^ 


Oolgotha. 


IS  little  douht  that  it  was  at  tliat  time  ontsi.lo  of 
the  walls.  The  city  may  have  been  extended  hevon.l 
this  place  after  the  Cnicilixioii,  but  it  cortainlv  did 
iH.t  include  the  high  plain  around  Golgotha  Ljore 
that  event. 

i^.  It  is  described  in  the  text  as  being  "n/y', 
unto  the  city,"  and  it  is  ab(nit  500  feet  from  tiie 
Avail  near  the  Damascus  Gate  (formerly  St.  Stephen's 
(late).  J  I         ■ 

3.  The  Gospel  account  mentions  a  garden,  and 
this  place  is  now,  and  doubtless  was  then,  capable  of 
cultivation. 

4.  It  is  near  one  of  the  most  traveled  roads  both 
at  that  time  and  at  present,  being  the  one  leading 
f]-om  the  Damascus  Gate  north  towards  Shecheni', 
and  to  Joppa  by  Beth-horon. 

5.  As  there  is  no  other  site  or  place  that  meets  the 
foregoing  requirements  of  the  Scripture  narrative, 
the  conclusion  is  very  evident  that  this  is  the  spot 
which  was  hallowed  by  the  blood  of  the  Saviour. 

CHUKCH   OF   THE   HOLY   SEPULCHRE. — N"o.    9. 

This  church  is  in  the  Christian  quarter  of  the  city, 
at  the  termination  of  Dolorosa.  (See  2)lan.)  Tradi- 
tion, and  some  of  the  earliest  written  records,  point  to 
the  area  occupied  by  this  structure  as  the  place  of  the 
burial,  if  not  the  crucifixion  of  Christ.  Yet  because 
of  its  being  so  far  within  the  walls  of  the  city  it  ha* 
been  claimed  by  many  that  it  could  not  be  the  place. 

This  place  was  originallv  the  side  of  a  sliirht  eleva- 
tion or  hill,  but  its  summit  and  sides  have  boon 
graded  down  to  accomodate  the  surface  to  the  nn 


'-Ti 


r.  f/. 


IN 


I 


u 


y^ 


.n fL 


n 


=;\'' 


'1 


I 

My 

w 

ii 


3:.ii 


niense  strncture  that  now^  occupies  it.  The  (>ri<rin  ol 
this  church  is  credited  to  Coiistantine,  who  completed 
and  dedicated  it  a.d.  335  ;  in  a.d.  G14  it  was  destroy- 
ed hv  the  Tei-sians;  rel)uilt,  it  Wiis  a<>aiji  destroyed. 
and  completely  demolished  hy  the  Kalij)h  IlaUiin  in 
l<i4S;  rebuilt  ajrain,  it  stood  until  1S08,  when  it  was 
destn>ved  by  an  accidental  tire.  It  was  ai^ain  rebuilt 
and  dedicated  in  ISIO. 

The  present  Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulc-hre  is  a  col- 
lection of  buildings  under  one  rotf,  witliout  regard  to 
order  or  style  of  architecture ;  3r>()  feet  long  by  280 
wide,  including  many  sacred  places,  presided  over  by 
diflerent  sects  in  separate  chajiels. 

Like  its  predecessors,  this  ehuich  was  erected  to 
cover  and  enshrine  the  Holy  Sepulchre  and  the  place 
of  crucilixion. 

Tlie  extent  and  numl)cr  of  interesting  objects  in- 
cluded within  this  building  can  l)est  be  indicated  on 
a  plan,  and  it  may  not  be  without  interest  to  remark 
that  this  plan  is  nearly  identical  with  one  engraved 
in  the  w(»rk  of  Sandys,  1010,  so  few  have  been  the 
chanjres  in  the  last  two  centiiries. 

No.  1.  Entrance  from  Via  Dolorosa. 

2.  Chapel  of  the  Angel. 

3.  The  Holy  Sepulchre. 

4.  The  centre  (or  navel)  of  the  world — according 
to  the  (ireck  interpretation  of  K/.ekiel  v.  5. 

').  The  Latin  Church. 

<5.  40  steps  cut  in  the  solid  rock  leading  down  to 
the  Chapel  of  the  finding  i»f  the  Cross. 

7.  Calvary — which  is  reached  by  finely  cut  mai'blo 
t^toi>«  from  near  No.  I. 


B 


>, 


N' 


\    \T 


'0 — it 


Plan  of  ill  e  Cliurclt  nf/hcrfolvSrpalcJu-e* 


-----J)^:^ 


In  addition  to  these  the  following  are  pointed  out 
as  veritable  antiquities,  luiniculously  preserved. 

The  spot  wlicre  tlic  Saviour  was  nailed  to  the  Cross. 

The  Chapel  of  the  Sacrilice  of  Isaae. 

Cliapel  of  the  Altar  of  Melchizedcc. 

The  spot  where  the  garments  of  Jesus  were  divided 
by  the  soldiers. 

"VVliere  the  Lord  was  confined  in  prison. 

The  stoue  of  unction,  on  which  Jesus  was  prepared 
for  the  tomb  ;  tomb  of  Melchizcdec  ;  tomb  of  Adam, 
and  of  John  the  Baptist ;  the  place  where  the  Virgin 
Mary  stood  at  the  Crucilixion  ;  Chapel  mai-king  the 
si)ot  on  which  the  Angel  stood  who  appeared  to  Mary 
Magdalene ;  tombs  of  Joseph  and  Nieodemus ;  and 
the  pillar  of  flagellation — to  which  Jesus  was  bound 
to  be  whij^ped. 

THE   CHAPEL   OF   THE   CKUCIFIXION. 

In  this  chapel,  at  the  eastern  end,  is  a  platform  ten 
feet  long,  six  feet  wide,  and  elevated  about  eighteen 
inches  above  the  floor.  On  this  platform  is  a  richly 
decorated  altar;  under  it,  in  the  middle  of  the  marble 
floor,  are  thi-ee  round  holes,  cased  with  silvei-;  be- 
neath these  holes  is  the  spot  on  whicli  it  is  claimed 
the  crosses  stood.  The  one  on  which  Christ  was  cruci- 
fied in  the  centre,  and  those  of  the  two  malefactoi-a 
on  the  right  and  left. 

THE   HOLY    SEPULCHRE. 

The  Sepulchre  was  originally  a  grotto,  cut  in  tlie 
rock  like  other  Jewish  tond)S,  but  is  now  detached 
from    the   hillside,   and   is   all   above    ground,   and 


tk- 


I 
4 


'} 


y^ 

V 


ii 


3o0 


elevated  a  little  above  the  level  of  the  flexor.  It  staudn 
ill  the  centre  of  the  jjrcat  rotunda,  and  directly  under 
the  dome  of  the  church.  The  Sepulchre  is  covered 
hy  a  small  structiu-e  of  yellow  and  M'hite  marble, 
twenty -six  feet  long,  and  eighteen  feet  broad  ;  a  small 
dome  in  the  form  of  a  crown  surmounts  the  top. 
The  house  of  the  Sepulchre  is  profusely  orna- 
mented. The  whole  exterior  is  nearly  covered 
with  pictures,  crucifixes,  and  images,  and  hung 
ntund  with  gold  and  silver  lumps.  There  are 
also  standing  by  its  sides  several  wax  candles, 
nearly  as  large  as  a  mau's  body,  and  about  ten  feet 
high,  A  low,  narrow  opening  in  the  wall,  only  large 
enough  to  admit  one  pei*son  at  a  time,  leads  to  a 
chamber  about  twelve  feet  square.  This  is  the  outer 
ro<)m  or  vestibule  of  the  toml),  and  is  called  "  The 
Chapel  of  the  Angel."  At  the  western  side  of  this 
nxMii  is  a  low,  narrow  opening,  barely  large  enough 
to  admit  a  medium-sized  pei-son,  and  such  only  can 
effect  an  entrance  by  bending  very  low  and  crawling 
through.  The  Sepulchre  is  a  r(X>m  six  feet  one  way 
by  seven  the  other,  and  is  covered  by  a  d<-)me  ro<jf, 
whicli  is  8U|)ported  by  marble  pillars.  Forty-two 
lumps  of  g<»M  and  silver,  richly  wrought,  are  susj)end- 
ed  around  the  sides  of  this  grotto,  and  kept  continu- 
ally burning.  A  small  platform  of  stone,  about  two 
feet  high,  stands  on  the  right  side  of  the  entrance; 
on  which  is  a  plain  marble  slab,  bearing  evidence  of 
great  antiquity.  Such  slabs  were  used  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  dead,  and  on  this,  it  is  believed,  the  Sa- 
viour was  laid. 

Among  the  few  genuine  antiquities  found  in  this 


yrC^ 


t 


"0      c 


vr>t->-(ty^  ;?7?"^_w  r' » ^ 


t 


359 

clmrch  arc  the  tombs  of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  and 
Baldwin  his  brother,  who  were  buried  near  the  cross 
for  which  they  fonglit  so  valiantly  ;  and  in  the  Latin 
sacristy  the  sword  and  Bj)urs  of  ( Judfrey  are  ])rcKcrvc<J. 
The  Superior  of  the  Franciscans,  called  tlie  Jicvcr- 
endissimo,  uses  the  sword  in  confcrrin<r  the  order  of 
Knii^ht  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  an  order  instituted 
by  Godfrey  himself. 

BETHAirr — TUE   TLACE   OF   ASCENSION. 

Tliis  place  is  called  by  the  Arabs  Laazriyeh,  and 
is  situated  on  the  eastei-n  slope  of  the  Mount  of 
Olives,  and  near  its  base.  It  is  now  a  small  Arab 
village,  containing  about  twenty  houses,  all  of  which 
have  the  appearance  of  being  ancient  and  time-M'orn. 

This  is  the  place  where  Mary  and  Martha,  with 
their  brother  Lazarus,  had  their  home,  and  to  which 
Jesus  M'as  wont  to  return  at  night  from  Jerusalem  for 
refreshment  and  rest.  This  is  also  the  place  of  the 
Ascension.  "  And  he  led  them  out  as  far  as  to 
isjij  Bethany;  and  he  lifted  up  his  hands,  and  blessed 
them.  And  it  came  to  pass,  while  he  blessed  them, 
he  was  parted  from  them,  and  carried  up  into 
heaven."  (St.  Luke  xxiv.  50,  51.) 


IV 


i|^^^^^#r^^g 


\V/ 


J' 


0=5. 


301 


CIIAPTER  XII. 

BCEIPTUEE  ACCOTJNT  OF  BUILDING  KINO  80LOMON*8  TEMPLE. 

Mt.  Moriah — David's  preparation  for  huilding  the 
Temple  and  Charge  to  Solomon. — Solomon  builds 
the  Temple — Its  Dedication. — Destruction. 

And  God  sent  an  anj^el  unto  Jerusalem  to  destroy 
it :  and  as  he  was  destroying,  the  Lord  beheld,  and  ho 
repented  him  of  the  evil,  and  said  to  the  angel  that 
destroyed  it,  It  is  enough,  stay  now  thine  hand.  And 
the  angel  of  the  Lord  stood  by  the  threshing-floor  of 
Oman  the  Jebusite.* 

And  David  lifted  up  his  eyes,  and  saw  the  angel  of 
the  Lord  stand  between  the  earth  and  the  heaven,  hav- 
ing a  drawn  sword  in  his  hand  stretched  out  over 
Jerusalem.  Then  David  and  the  elders  of  Isradj  who 
were  clothed  in  sackcloth,  fell  upon  their  faces. 

And  David  said  unto  God,  Is  it  not  I  that  com- 
manded the  people  to  be  numbered?  even  I  it  is  that 
have  sinned  and  done  evil  indeed  ;  but  as  for  these 
sheep,  what  have  they  done  ?  let  thine  hand,  I  pray 
•  On  Mount  Moriah. 


t 


< 


I 


'5! 


•t// 


h 


n'   ' 


} 


w 


'If 


tlioc,  O  Lord  my  God,  be  on  me,  and  on  my  father's 
hoiige ;  but  not  on  thy  j>eople,  that  they  ehoiild  bo 
jihiirued. 

Tlien  the  ani::el  of  the  Lord  commanded  Gad  to  say 
to  David,  that  David  sliould  ^  up,  and  set  up  an 
ultar  unto  tlio  Lord  in  the  threshing-floor  of  Oman 
the  Jebusite. 

And  David  went  up  at  the  saying  of  Gad,  which 
he  pjmke  in  the  name  of  the  Lord. 

And  Oman  turned  back,  and  saw  the  angel ;  and 
hid  four  sons  with  him  liid  themselves.  Now  Oman 
was  threshing  wheat. 

And  as  David  came  to  Oman,  Oman  looked  and 
saw  David,  and  went  out  (tf  the  threshing-floor,  and 
bowed  himself  to  David  with  /n's  face  to  the  ground. 

Then  David  said  to  OrnaTi,  Grant  me  the  ])lace  of 
M/."  threshing-floor,  that  1  may  build  an  altar  therein 
unto  the  Lord:  thou  shalt  grant  it  me  for  the  full 
j>rice:  tliat  the  ])lagne  maybe  stayed  from  the  ])eople. 

And  Oman  said  unto  David,  Take  it  to  thee,  and 
let  my  lord  the  king  do  t/iat  which  is  good  in  his 
oyes  :  lo,  I  give  thee  the  oxen  aho  for  burnt-offerings, 
and  the  thi-eshing  instruments  for  wood,  and  the 
wheat  for  the  meat-offering;  I  give  it  all. 

And  king  David  said  to  Oman,  Nay  ;  but  I  will 
vc'ly  buy  it  for  the  full  i)ric^:  for  I  will  not  take 
(htit  wliich  is  tliine  for  the  Lord,  nor  offer  burnt-offer- 
ings without  cost. 

So  David  gave  to  Oman  for  the  i)lacc  six  hnndrod 
shekels  of  gold  by  weight. 

And  David  built  there  an  altar  unto  the  T^ord,  and 
off(.'rcd  Imrnl-offijrings  and  pcace-offcriugs,  and  called 


c 


^*i 


c 


3()o 


n 


upon  tho  Lord  ;  aiul  lie  uiisworod  liim  fioin  lic-ivcr. 
l>y  ^iro  upon  the  altai-  >>\'  lninit-ofrci-iiiir. 

And  the  Lc»rd  coiniiiaiidc'd  tlio  juiij^cl  ;  and  he  put 
np  his  sword  airain  into  the  slieufh  thcn-eof. 

At  tliat  time  when  I):i\id  saw  that  the  Lord  had 
answered  him  in  the  thresliin<r-floor  of  Drnan  the 
Jel)nsite,  then  he  saeriliced  tliere. 

iM.r  the  tahernucle  of  the  Lord,  which  ]\roROS  mad'- 
in  tlie  wihlerness,  and  the  altar  of  the  hurnt-offerin^', 
we?'e  at  that  season  in  the  hii;h  j^hiec  at  Gihcon. 

But  David  eonld  not  <^o  before  it  to  inquire  of  God  : 
for  he  was  afraid  because  of  the  sword  of  the  angel  of 
the  Lord.     (1  Chron.  xxi.  15  to  30.) 

DAYId's   TEEPARATION   for   BUTLDINO   TnE   TEilPLE,    AXli 
CHARGE   TO    S0L05I0N. 

And  David  commanded  to  rather  tofrether  the 
strangers  that  were  in  the  land  of  Israel ;  and  he  set 
masons  to  hew  wrought  stones  to  build  the  house  of 
God. 

And  David  prepared  iron  in  abundance  for  the 
nails  for  the  doors  of  the  gates,  and  for  the  joinings  ; 
and  brass  in  abundance  without  weight ; 

Also  cedar-trees  in  abundance:  for  the  Zidonians 
and  they  of  Tyre  brought  much  cedar- wood  to 
David. 

And  David  said,  Solomon  my  son  is  young  and 
tender,  and  the  house  t/iat  is  to  be  builded  for  the 
Lord  must  he  exceeding  magnifical,  of  fame  and  of 
glory  throughout  all  countries :  I  will  therefore  now 
make  preparation  for  it.  So  David  prepared  abun- 
dantly before  his  death. 


'I 
I 

I 
If 


#1 


I 


Tlicu  he  called  for  Solomon  his  son,  and  i-har^'od 
him  to  build  a  house  for  the  Lord  God  of  Israel. 

And  David  said  to  Sol(»nion,  My  son,  as  ft)r  nic,  it  | 
was  in  niv  mind  to  build  a  house  unto  the  name  of  {, 
the  Lord  my  God  : 

But  the  word  of  the  Lord  came  to  me,  sayin^;,  Thou 
hast  shed  blood  abundantly,  and  hast  made  great  wai-s  : 
thou  ehalt  not  build  an  house  unto  my  name,  because 
thou  hast  shed  much  blood  upon  the  earth  in  my 
si-rht. 

llehold,  a  son  shall  be  born  to  thee,  who  shall  be  a 
man  of  rest;  and  I  will  irive  him  rest  from  all  his 
enemies  roimd  about:  for  his  name  shall  be  Solomon, 
and  1  will  give  peace  and  quietness  unto  Israel  in  his 
days. 

lie  shall  build  a  Ikmisc  ftjr  my  name  ;  and  he  shall 
be  my  son,  and  I  loUl  he  his  father;  and  I  will  estab- 
lish the  throne  of  his  kiuirdom  over  Israel  for  ever. 

Now,  my  son,  the  Lord  be  with  thee;  and  prosjiej 
thou,  and  build  the  house  of  the  Lord  thy  God,  as  he 
hath  said  of  thee. 

Only  the  Lord  give  thee  wisdom  and  understand- 
ing, and  give  thee  charge  cctncei-ning  Israel,  that  thou 
mayest  keei>  the  law  of  the  Lord  thy  God. 

Then  shalt  thou  jirosper,  if  thou  takcst  heed  to  fiil 
til  the  statutes  and  judgments  which  the  Lord  charged 
Mf»ses  with  concerning  Israel :  be  strong,  and  of  good 
courage;  dread  not,  nor  be  dismayed. 

Now,  behold,  in  my  trouble  I  have  prei>arcd  for  the 
house  of  the  l><»rd  a  hundred  thousand  talents  of  gold, 
and  a  thousand  thousand  talents  of  silver;  and  of 
l-nt-h  and  iron  without  weight ;  for  it  is  in  abundance 


•V 

m 


n 


iV\ 


'S(}] 


timber  also  and  stone  have  I  piv]»!ired  ;  and  tliou  may 
est  add  thereto. 

Moreover,  there  are  Svorkmon  with  tliee  in  abun- 
dance, hewers  and  workers  of  stone  and  timber,  and  iill 
manner  of  cnnning  men  for  every  manner  of  work. 

Of  tlie  gold,  the  silver,  and  the. brass,  and  tlie  iron, 
there  is  no  nnmber.  Arise  therefore,  and  be  doiiii;, 
and  the  Lord  be  with  thee. 

David  also  commanded  all  the  princes  of  Israel  to 
help  Solomon  his  son,  sayiiig, 

Is  not  the  Lord  your  God  with  you  ?  and  hath  ho 
not  given  you  rest  on  every  side  ?  for  he  hath  given 
the  inhabitants  of  the  land  into  mine  hand  ;  and  the 
land  is  subdued  before  the  Lord,  and  before  his 
people. 

Xow  set  your  heart  and  your  soul  to  seek  the  Lord 
your  God ;  arise  therefore,  and  build  ye  the  sanctuary 
of  the  Loi'd  God ;  to  bring  the  ark  of  the  covenant  of 
the  Lord,  and  the  holy  vessels  of  God,  into  the  house 
that  is  to  be  built  to  the  name  of  the  Lord.  (1  Chron. 
xxii.  2  to  19.) 

Then  David  gave  to  Solomon  his  son  the  pattern 
of  the  porch,  and  of  the  houses  thereof,  and  of  the 
ti-easuries  thereof,  and  of  the  upper  chambers  thereof, 
and  of  the  inner  parlors  thereof,  and  of  the  place  of 
the  mercy-seat, 

And  the  pattern  of  all  that  he  had  by  the  Spirit, 
of  the  courts  of  the  house  of  the  Lord,  and  of  all  the 
:;hambers  round  about,  of  the  treasuries  of  the  house 
of  God,  and  of  the  treasuries  of  the  dedicated  things: 

Also  for  the  courses  of  the  j>i-iests  and  the  Le- 
vites,  and  for  all  the  work  of  the  service  of  the  house 


'^%^^5^'^ 


--uT— V- 


VV 


% 


i 

i  VAN 


.-V 
A" 

I 


36S 


of  tlic  r^rd,  and  f«»r  all  tlie  vessels  of  service  in  tht 
house  of  tlie  Lord. 

Jle  gave  of  p:f>ld  by  weight  for  things  of  gold,  for 
all  instruments  of  all  iniinner  of  service  ;  silver  also 
for  all  instruments  of  silver  by  weight,  for  all  instru 
ments  of  every  kind  of  service  : 

Even  tlie  weight  ft>r  the  candlesticks  of  gold,  and 
for  their  lamps  of  gold,  by  weight  f<»r  every  candle- 
stick, and  for  the  laini)?;  tliCreof :  and  for  the  candle- 
sticks of  silver  by  weight,  hoth  for  the  candlestick, 
and  also  for  the  lamps  thereof,  according  to  the  use 
of  every  candlestick. 

And  by  weight  he  gave  gold  for  tlie  tables  of  sliew- 
bread,  for  every  table ;  and  likewise  silver  for  the 
tables  of  silver : 

Also  pure  gold  f(jr  the  flesh-hooks,  and  the  bowls, 
and  the  cups  :  and  for  the  golden  basins  lie  gave  gold      \ 
by  weight  for  every  basin;  and  likewise  silver  by     ^ 
weight  for  every  basin  of  silver: 

And  for  the  altar  of  incense  refined  gold  by  weight ; 
and  gold  for  the  pattern  of  the  chariot  of  the  cheru- 
bim, that  spread  out  their  wings,  and  covered  the  ark 
of  the  covenant  of  the  Lord. 

All  this,  said  David,  the  Lord  made  me  under- 
stand in  writing  by  his  hand  upon  me,  even  all  tliG 
works  of  this  ]>attern. 

And  David  said  to  Solomon  his  son,  Be  strong  and 
of  g(K>d  courage,  and  do  it :  fear  not,  nor  be  dis- 
mayed, for  the  L<jrd  God,  even  my  God,  loill  he  with 
thee;  he  will  not  fail  thee,  nor  forsake  thee,  until 
thou  hast  finished  all  the  work  for  the  service  of  tlie 
house  of  the  Lord. 


Sj~x^ 


^5 

m 

^1 


^r^-^T^ 


And,  behold,  the  coui-ses  of  the  priests  and  the  he- 
vites,  eve>i  they  shall  he  with  thee  for  all  the  service  of 
the  house  of  God  :  and  there  shall  be  with  thee  foi 
all  manner  of  workmanship  every  willin;^  gkilfnl 
man,  for  any  manner  of  service:  also  the  princes  and 
all  the  peoi)lG  will  he  wholly  at  thy  coniinandment. 
(1  Chrou.  xxviii.  11  to  21.) 

Furthermore  David  the  king  said  unto  all  the  con- 
gregation, Solomon  my  son,  whom  alone  God  hath 
chosen,  is  yet  young  and  tender,  and  the  woi-k  is 
great :  for  the  palace  is  not  for  man,  hut  for  the  Lord 
God. 

Now  I  have  pi-epared  with  all  my  might  for  the 
house  of  my  God  the  gold  for  things  to  he  made  of 
gold,  and  the  silver  for  things  of  siher,  and  the  brass 
for  things  of  brass,  the  iron  for  things  of  iron,  and 
wood  for  things  of  wood;  onyx  stones,  and  stones  to 
be  set,  glistering  stones,  and  of  divei-s  colors,  and  all 
manner  of  precious  stones,  and  marble  stones  in 
abundance. 

Moreover,  because  I  have  set  ray  affection  to  the 
house  of  my  God,  1  have  of  mine  own  pro])oi-  good, 
of  gold  and  silver,  which  1  have  given  to  the  house 
of  my  God,  over  and  above  all  that  1  have  prepared 
for  the  holy  house, 

J^ven  three  thousand  talents  of  jrold,  of  the  "-I'ld  of 
Ophir,  and  seven  thousand  talents  of  reiined  silver, 
to  overlay  the  walls  of  the  houses  withal : 

The  gold  for  things  of  gold,  and  the  silver  for 
things  of  silver,  and  for  all  manner  of  work  to  he 
made  by  the  hands  of  artificei-s.  And  who  then  is  will- 
ing to  consecrate  his  service  this  day  unto  the  Ix)rd  1 


BS^^^^^'^ 


•u-hlP 


m 


h^ 


HA 


fell 


s- 


V 

n 

.>(0 


Tlien  tho  chief  of  the  fathers  and  princes  of  the 
rrihes  uf  IsniL'l,  uiiJ  tlie  t-aptains  of  thousands  and  *<f 
liundivds,  with  the  rulei-s  uf  the  king's  work,  offered 
wiUingly, 

And  gave,  for  the  service  of  the  house  of  God,  of 
gold  five  thousand  talents  and  ten  thousand  drains, 
and  <»f  silver  ten  thousand  talents,  and  of  hi;iss  ei'dit- 
een  thousand  talents,  and  one  hundi-ed  thousand  tal- 
ents of  inm. 

And  they  with  whom  predoua  stones  were  found 
g:ive  them  to  the  treasure  of  the  house  vi  the  L< tid, 
by  the  hand  of  Jehiel  the  Gei-shonite. 

Then   the   peojde    rejoiced,  for  that   they  offered 
willingly,  because   with    perfect   heart   they  offered 
■villingly  to  the  Lord:   and  David   the  king  also  ro 
"iced  with  great  joy. 

^\'herefore  David  blessed  the  Lord  before  all  the 
congregatit.n  :  and  David  said,  Blessed  be  thou.  Lord 
G<  k1  of  Israel  our  father,  for  ever  and  ever.  (1  Chron. 
xxix.  1  to  10—26,  27,  28.) 

Tims  David  the  son  of  Jesse  reigned  over  all  Is- 
rael. 

And  the  time  that  he  reigned  over  Israel  teas  fditv 
years;  seven  years  reigned  he  in  Hebron,  and  thiity 
and  three  ijmrs  reigned  he  in  Jerusalem. 

.\n<i  he  died  in  a  g(H>d  old  age,  full  of  davs, 
riches,  and  honor:  and  Solomon  his  son  reigned  in 
his  t'tcad. 

Then  Solomon  sat  on  the  throne  of  the  Lord  as 
king  instead  <.f  David  his  father,  and  prospered;  and 
all  Lrael  obeyed  him. 

And  all  the  princes,  and  the  mighty  men,  and  all  tho 


"0       c 


submitted  tliemscl' 


Bons  lilccwise  of  king  David, 
unto  Solomon  the  k'lufr. 

And  the  Lord  magnified  Solomon  exceedingly  in 
the  sight  of  all  Israel,  and  bestowed  upon  hiinsuch 
royal  majesty  as  had  not  been  on  any  king  bef(;re 
him  in  Israel.     (1  Chron.  xxix.  23,  24,  25.) 

Then  Solomon  spake  unto  all  Israel,  to  the  caj>- 
tains  of  thousands  and  of  hundreds,  and  to  the  judges, 
and  to  every  governor  in  all  Israel,  the  chief  of 'the 
fathere. 

So  Solomon,  and  all  the  congregation  with  him, 
went  to  the  high  place  that  was  at  Gibeon  ;  for  there 
was  the  tabernacle  of  the  congregation  of  God 
which  Moses  the  sei-vant  of  the  Lord  had  made  in 
the  wilderness. 

But  the  ark  of  God  had  David  brought  up  from 
Kirjath-jearim  to  the  jplace  which  David  had  pre- 
pared for  it :  for  he  had  pitched  a  tent  for  it  at  Jeru- 
salem. 

Moreover  the  brazen  altar,  that  Bozaleel  the  son  of 
Uri,  the  son  of  Hur,  had  made,  ho  put  before  the 
tabernacle  of  the  Lord:  and  Solomon  and  the  con- 
gregation sought  unto  it. 

And  Solomon  went  up  thither  to  the  brazen  altar 
before  the  Lord,  which  was  at  the  tabernacle  of  the 
congregation,  and  offered  a  thousand  burnt-oflFeringa 
upon  it. 

In  that  night  did  God  appear  unto  Solomon,  aiid 
said  unto  him,  Ask  what  I  shall  give  thee. 

And  Solomon  said  unto  God,  Thou  hast  shewed 
great  mercy  unto  David  my  fathev,  and  hast  made 
me  to  reign  in  his  stead. 


:=&=f^ 


hi 


\M 


Now,  O  Lord  God,  let  tliy  promise  unto  David  mv 
father  be  established :  for  thou  hast  made  me  kina 
over  a  people  like  the  dust  of  the  earth  in  multi- 
tude. 

( live  me  now  wisdom  and  knowledi^e  ;  that  I  may 
p>  «>ut  and  come  in  before  this  people:  for  who  can 
jud^e  this  thy  people,  t/tat  is  so  great? 

And  God  said  to  Solomon,  Because  this  was  in 
tliine  heart,  and  thou  hast  not  asked  riches,  wealth, 
or  honor,  nor  the  life  of  thine  enemies,  neither  yet 
hast  asked  loni;  life;  but  hast  asked  wisdom  and 
knowled<i;e  for  tliyself,  tliat  tlion  mayest  judge  my 
peojtle,  over  whom  I  have  made  thee  king : 

AVisdom  and  knowledge  is  granted  unto  thee ;  and 
I  will  give  thee  riches,  and  wealth,  and  honor,  such 
as  none  of  the  kings  have  had  that  have  been  before 
thee,  neither  shall  there  any  after  thee  liave  the  like. 
(II  Chron.  i.  2  to  12.) 

And  Solomon's  wisdom  excelled  the  wisdom  of  all 
the  children  of  the  east  country,  and  all  the  wisdom 
of  Eirypt. 

For  he  was  wiser  than  all  men ;  thaji  Ethan  the 
Ezrahite,  and  Ileman,  and  Chalcol,  and  Darda,  the 
sons  of  Mahol :  and  his  fame  was  in  all  nations  round 
alx)ut. 

And  he  sjmke  three  tlu)usand  proverbs:  and  his 
B'jngs  were  a  thousand  and  five. 

And  he  spake  of  trees,  from  the  cedar-tree  that  is 
in  Ix'banou  even  unto  the  hyssop  tliat  spriugoth  out 
of  the  wall:  he  spake  also  of  beasts,  and  of  fowl,  and 
of  creeping  things,  and  of  fishes. 

And  there  came  of  all  j)eople  to  hear  the  wisdom 


"05 


<4) 


...JlU 


,n^^^ 


375 

of  Solomon,  from  all  kings  of  the  eaitli,  which  hud 
heard  of  liis  wisdom. 

And  Ilinini  kin<:;  of  Tyre  sent  liis  servants  unto 
Solomon;  for  he  had  heard  tiiat  they  had  anointed 
him  king  in  the  room  of  his  father:  for  Hiram  wad 
ever  a  lover  of  David. 

And  Solomon  sent  to  Hiram,  sayin<T, 

Thou  knowest  how  that  David  my  father  could 
not  build  a  house  unto  the  name  of  the  Lord  his 
God,  ft)r  the  wars  which  were  about  him  on  every 
side,  until  the  Lord  put  them  under  the  soles  of  his 
feet. 

But  now  the  Lord  my  God  hath  given  me  rest  on 
every  side,  so  thai  there  is  neither  advei-sary  nor  evil 
occurrent. 

And  behold,  I  purpose  to  build  a  house  unto  the 
name  of  the  Lord  my  God,  as  the  Lord  spake  unto 
David  my  father,  saying.  Thy  son,  whom  I  will  set 
upon  thy  throne  in  thy  room,  he  shall  build  a  house 
unto  my  name. 

Now  therefore  command  thou  that  they  hew  me 
cedar-trees  out  of  Lebanon;  and  my  servants  shall  be 
with  thy  servants:  and  unto  tliee  will  I  give  hiie  for 
thy  servants  according  to  all  that  thou  shalt  aj)i)imit: 
for  thou  knowest  that  there  is  not  among  us  any  that 
can  skill  to  hew  timber  like  unto  the  Sidonians. 

And  it  came  to  pass,  when  Hiram  heard  the  words 
of  Solomon,  that  he  rejcnced  greatly,  and  said, 
Blessed  be  the  Lord  this  day,  which  hath  given  unto 
Da\id  a  wise  son  over  this  great  people. 

And  Hiram  sent  to  Solomon,  saying,  I  have  con- 
sidered the  thiuy^s  which  th<»ii  seutest  to  me  for:  an// 


r  __r 
c  — 


F*/1 


^\ 


'-r; 


,  ; 


I  will  do  all  thy  desire  C(>tteeruiiig  timber  of  ccdar^ 
and  concerning  timber  of  fir. 

My  servants  shall  bring  t/ieffi  dovni  from  LL'ltaiu.n 
unto  the  sea;  and  I  will  convey  them  by  sea  in  llnats 
unto  the  place  that  thou  shalt  appomt  me,  and  will 
cause  tliem  to  be  discharged  there,  and  thou  shalt 
receive  them:  and  thou  shult  accomplish  my  desire, 
in  giving  food  for  my  household. 

So  Iliram  gave  Solomon  cedar-trees  and  fir-trees 
aci'ordi/Kj  to  all  his  desire. 

And  Solomon  gave  Iliiani  twenty  thousand  meas- 
ures of  wheat /c*/'  food  to  his  household,  and  twuiitv 
measures  of  pure  oil:  thus  gave  Solomon  to  IJiiam 
year  by  year. 

And  the  Lord  gave  Solomon  wisdom,  as  he  ju-oniised 
him:  and  there  was  peace  between  Jliram  and  Solo- 
m<<n;  and  thev  two  made  a  leajxue  together. 

And  king  Solomon  raised  a  levy  out  of  all  Israel; 
and  the  levy  was  thirty  thousand  men. 

And  he  sent  them  to  Lebanon,  ten  thousand  a 
month  by  coui-ses:  a  month  they  were  in  Lebanon, 
(//('/  two  montlis  at  home:  and  Adouirani  v)as  over 
the  levy. 

And  Solomon  had  threescore  and  ten  thousand  that 
bare  burdens,  and  fourscore  thousand  hewei-s  in  the 
mountains; 

Besides  the  chief  oi  Solomon's  oflicers  which  irere 
')ver  the  work,  three  thousand  and  three  hundivd, 
which  ruled  over  the  people  that  wrought  in  the  work. 

Ani  the  king  commanded,  and  they  brought  great 
htones,  costly  stones,  a/ul  hewed  stones,  to  lay  the 
foundation  of  the  house. 


'•U-V 


"    ■   .^O.' 


■r.. 


•^:«^:^^i 


f 


M 


ii 


And  Solomon's  builders  and  lliru.n's  huildci-s  did 
hew  them,  and  the  stone-squarers :  so  they  i)ivi):irc.J 
timber  and  stones  to  build  the  house.  (I  Kin.rsiv 
30  to  3^;  also  V.)  °      " 

SOLOMON   BUILDS   TUE   TEMPLE. 

And  it  came  to  pass  in  the  four  hundred  and  ei^di- 
tieth  year  after  the  children  of  Israel  were  come  out 
of  the  land  of  Egypt,  in  the  fourtli  year  of  Soh.mcn'.s 
reign  over  Israel,  in  the  month  Zif,  which  is  the  second 
month,  that  he  began  to  build  the  house  of  the  Lord. 

And  the  house  which  king  Solomon  built  for  the 
Lord,  the  length  thereof  was  threescore  cubits,  and 
the  breadth  thereof  twenty  cubits,  and  the  height 
thereof  thirty  cubits."* 

And  the  porch  before  the  temple  of  the  house, 
twenty  cubits  was  the  length  thereof,  according  to  the 
breadth  of  the  house ;  and  ten  cubits  was  the  breadth 
thereof  before  the  house. 

And  for  the  house  he  made  windows  of  narrow 
lights. 

And  against  the  wall  of  the  house  he  built  cham- 
bers round  about,  against  the  walls  of  the  house  round 
about,  both  of  the  temple  and  of  the  oracle:  and  he 
made  chambers  round  about. 

The  nethermost  chamber  was  five  cubits  broad,  and 
the  middle  was  six  cubits  broad,  and  the  third  %vas 
seven  cubits  broad:  for  without  in  the  wall  of  the 
house  he  made  narrowed  rests  round  about,  that  the 
learns  should  not  be  fastened  in  the  walls  of  the 
house. 

And  the  house,  when  it  was  in  building,  was  built 


^^Z^^ir^^q?^^ 


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of  stone  made  readv  before  it  was  broutrht  thither:  &( 
that  there  was  neither  hammer  uor  axo  nor  any  tool 
of  ijx»n  heard  in  the  house,  while  it  was  in  buildin<j:. 

The  door  for  the  middle  chamber  was  in  the  ri<,dit 
side  of  tlie  house:  and  they  went  up  with  winding' 
etairs  into  the  middle  c/ia7nber,  and  out  of  the  middh- 
into  the  third. 

And  then  he  built  chambers  against  all  the  house, 
live  cubits  hi^di :  and  they  rested  on  the  house  with 
timber  of  cedar. 

And  the  word  of  the  Lord  came  to  Solomon,  savinir, 

Cuncerniiuj  this  house  which  thou  art  in  buildin<,r, 
if  thou  wilt  walk  in  my  statutes,  aTid  execute  mv 
judgments,  and  keep  all  my  connnandments  to  walk 
in  them ;  then  M'ill  I  ju-rform  my  word  with  thee, 
which  I  spake  unto  David  thy  father: 

And  I  will  dwell  among  tlie  children  of  Israel,  and 
will  not  forsake  my  people  Israel. 

And  he  built  the  walls  of  the  house  within  Mith 
boards  of  cedar,  both  the  floor  of  the  house,  and  the 
walls  (.f  the  ceiling :  and  he  covered  them  on  the  in- 
side with  wood,  and  covered  the  floor  of  the  house  with 
planks  of  fir. 

And  he  built  twenty  cubits  on  the  sides  of  the  house, 
JM'th  the  Ikxjr  and  the  walls  with  boards  of  cedar:  lie 
even  built  them  for  it  M'ithLn,  even  for  the  oracle,  even 
for  the  most  holy^Vacr. 

And  the  house,  that  is,  the  temple  before  it,  was 
forty  cubita  long. 

And  the  cedar  of  the  house  within  was  carved 
with  knoj)8  and  open  llowere :  all  u-a8  cedar;  there 
waa  no  stone  Roen. 


— "-^^ 


And  the  oracle  he  prepared  in  the  house  witliin,  tc 
set  there  the  ark  of  the  covenant  of  the  Lord. 

And  the  oracle  in  the  forepart  was  twenty  cubits  ip 
length, and  twenty  cubitH  in  breadth,  and  twenl  y  cubit.s 
m  the  height  thereof:  and  he  overlaid  it  wiih  pure 
gold ;  and  so  covered  the  altar  w/ucA  was  oj\-vAxiv. 

So  Solomon  overlaid  the  house  within  with  pure 
gold  :  and  he  made  a  partition  by  the  chains  of  gold 
before  the  oracle  ;  and  he  overlaid  it  with  gold. 

And  the  \vhole  house  he  overlaid  with  gold,  until 
he  had  fijiished  all  the  house :  also  the  whole  altar 
that  was  by  the  oracle  he  overlaid  with  gold. 

And  witliin  the  oracle  he  made  two  cherubini  of 
olive-tree,  each  ten  cubits  high. 

And  five  cubits  was  the  one  wing  of  the  cherub, 
and  five  cubits  the  other  wing  of  the  cherub :  from' 
the  uttermost  part  of  the  one  wing  unto  the  uttermost 
pai-t  of  the  other  were  ten  cubits. 

And  the  other  cherub  was  ten  cubits :  both  the 
cherubim  were  of  one  measure  and  one  size. 

The  height  of  the  one  cherub  was  ten  cubits,  and 
so  was  it  of  the  other  cherub. 

And  he  set  the  cherubim  within  the  inner  house  : 
and  they  stretched  forth  the  wings  of  the  cherubim, 
80  that  the  wing  of  the  one  touched  the  une  wall,  and 
the  wing  of  the  other  cherub  touched  the  other 
wall;  and  their  wings  touched  one  another  in  the 
midst  of  the  house. 

And  he  overlaid  the  cherubim  with  ffold. 
And  he  carved  all  the  walls  of  the  house  round 
about  with  carved  figures  of  cherubim  and  ])alm-treea 
and  open  flowers,  within  and  without. 


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And  the  floor  of  the  house  he  overlaid  witJi  gt>ld, 

thin  and  witliout. 

And  for  the  cntrriiii;:  of  the  orai-le  he  made  duoi-a 
olive-tree:  the  lintel  and  bide  posts  were  a  tilth 
part  o/  the  waU. 

.'he  two  dooi-s  also  icere   of  olive-tree  ;    and  lie 

ved  upon  them  carvings  of  cherubim  and  juilni- 

ees  and  open  flowei-s,  and  overlaid  them  with  goM, 

1  spread  gold  upon  the  cherubim,  and  upon  the 
m-trees. 

So  also  made  he  for  the  door  of  the  temple  posts  of 
olive-tree,  a  fourth  part  of  the  wall. 

And  the  two  doore  were  of  tir-tree  :  the  two  leaves 
of  the  one  door  were  folding,  and  the  two  leaves 
of  the  other  dcx>r  were  folding. 

And  he  carved  thereon  cherubim  and  palm-trees 
and  ojien  tiowei-s  :  and  covered  them  with  gold  litted 
upon  the  carved  work. 

And  he  built  the  inner  court  with  three  rows  of 
hewed  stone,  and  a  row  of  cedar  beams. 

And  kinj;  Solomon  sent  and  fetched  Hiram  uiit  of 
Tyre. 

He  wai<  a  widow's  son  of  the  tribe  of  Xaphtali,  and 
his  father  wan  a  man  of  Tyre,  a  worker  in  brass:  and 
he  wjLS  tilled  with  wisdom,  and  undei-standing,  and 
cunnin'T  t<»  W(»rk  all  works  in  brass.  And  he  came 
to  king  Solomon,  and  wrought  all  his  work. 

For  he  cast  two  pillars  of  brass,  of  eighteen  cubits 
high  apiece:  juid  a  line  of  twelve  cubits  did  conipitss 
either  of  them  about. 

And  he  made  two  chapiters  of  molten  bi-ass,  to  set 
ui">ii  the  tops  of  the  pillars:  the  height  (»f  the  one 


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cliapitcr  was  five  cnl)its,  and  (ho  lieifjjlit  of  tlic  f)tlior 
chapiter  was  five  cuhits  : 

And  nets  of  checker  work,  and  •wreaths  of  chain 
work,  for  the  chapiters  whicli  were  upon  the  top  of 
the  pillars;  seven  for  the  one  cliapiter,  and  seven  for 
the  other  chapiter. 

And  he  made  the  pillars,  and  two  rows  round  jiboiit 
upon  the  one  network,  to  cover  the  chapitere  tliat 
were  upon  the  top,  with  pomegranates:  and  so  did 
he  for  the  other  chapiter. 

And  the  chapitei-s  that  were  upon  the  top  of  the 
pillars  were  of  lily  work  in  the  porch,  four  cubits. 

And  the  chapiters  upon  the  two  pillars  ha/l pome- 
granates also  above,  over  against  tlie  belly  which  was 
by  the  network:  and  the  pomegranates  were  two 
hundred  in  rows  round  about  upon  the  other  chapiter. 

And  he  set  up  the  pillars  in  the  porch  of  the  tem- 
ple :  and  he  set  up  the  right  pillar,  and  called  the 
name  thereof  Jachin :  and  he  set  up  the  left  pillar, 
and  called  the  name  thereof  Boaz. 

And  upon  the  top  of  the  pillars  was  lily  work  :  so 
was  the  work  of  the  pillars  finished. 

And  he  made  a  molten  sea,  ten  cubits  from  the 
one  brim  to  the  other :  it  was  round  all  about,  and 
his  height  was  five  cubits  :  and  a  line  of  thirty  cubits 
did  compass  it  round  about. 

And  under  the  brim  of  it  round  about  there  were 
knops  compassing  it,  ten  in  a  cul)it,  comjiassing  the 
sea  round  about :  the  knops  were  cast  in  two  rows, 
when  it  was  cast. 

It  stood  upon  twelve  oxen,  three  looking  toward 
the  north,  and  three  looking  toward  the  west,  and 


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tlircc  looking  toward  the  south,  and  three  looking  to- 
ward the  east :  and  the  gea  was  set  above  upon  thcin, 
and  all  their  hinder  parts  tcere  inward. 

And  it  was  a  handUrcadth  thick,  and  the  brim 
there'l  wa>  wr«.»ught  like  the  brim  of  a  cup,  with 
ilowei-s  c»f  lilies  :  it  contained  two  thousand  baths. 

And  he  made  ten  bjises  of  brass,  four  cubits  ^cas 
the  leufrth  of  one  base,  and  four  cubits  the  breadth 
thereof,  and  three  cubits  the  height  of  it. 

And  the  work  of  the  bases  was  on  this  manno' : 
they  had  borders,  and  the  borders  were  between  the 
ledges : 

And  on  the  borders  that  were  between  the  ledges 
were  lions,  oxen,  and  cherubim  :  and  upon  the  ledges 
there  icas  a  base  above :  and  beneath  the  lions  and 
o.xgn  %cere  certain  additions  made  of  thin  work. 

And  every  base  had  four  brazen  wheels,  and  plates 
of  brass  :  and  the  four  comere  thereof  had  underset- 
ters :  under  the  laver  icei'c  undei-scttere  molten,  at 
the  side  of  every  addition. 

And  the  mouth  of  it  M-ithin  the  chapiter  and  above 
was  a  cubit:  but  the  mouth  thereof  ^L'as  round  after 
the  work  of  the  base,  a  cubit  and  a  half :  and  also 
ujxjn  the  mouth  of  it  were  gravings  with  their  bor- 
ders, foursquare,  not  round. 

And  under  the  bordei-s  were  four  wheels  ;  and  the 
axletrees  of  the  wheels  were  joined  to  the  base  :  and 
the  height  of  a  wheel  was  a  cubit  and  half  a  cubit. 

And  the  work  of  the  wheels  wis  like  the  work  of 
a  chariot  wheel :  their  axletrees,  and  their  naves,  and 
♦Juir  felloes,  and  their  spokes,  ?rt'r<?  all  molten. 

And  there  were  four  undei-setter»  to  the  four  corners 


of  Olio  base :  and  tlic  undersettere  vierc  of  the  x eiv 

base  itself.  ^ 

And  in  the  top  of  the  base  was  th^re  u  r<.tnid  c<mm- 
pass  of  lialf  a  cubit  hi-h  :  and  on  the  t..],  of  the  ba.e 
tiie  led-es  thereof  and  the  borders  thereof  were  of 
the  same. 

For  on  the  phites  of  the  led-cs  thereof,  and  ..n  the 
borders  tliereof,  he  graved  cherubim,  lions,  and  paln,- 
troes,  according  to  the  proportion  of  every  one,  and 
additions  round  about. 

After  this  maimer  he  made  the  ten  bases :  all  of 
thorn  liad  one  casting,  one  measure,  aiul  one  size. 

Then  made  he  ten  lavers  of  brass:  one  laver  con- 
tained forty  baths  :  and  every  laver  was  four  cubits: 
and  upon  every  one  of  the  ten  bases  one  laver. 

And  he  put  five  bases  on  the  right  side  of  the 
house,  and  five  on  the  left  side  of  the  house  :  and  ho 
set  the  sea  on  the  right  side  of  the  house  castNvard, 
over  against  the  south. 

And  Iliram  made  the  lavers,  and  the  shovels,  and  the 
basins.  So  Iliram  made  an  end  of  doing  all  the  woi-k 
that  he  made  king  Solomon  for  the  house  of  the  Ix)rd  : 
The  two  pillars,  and  the  two  bowls  of  the  t-hapiters 
that  were  on  the  top  of  the  two  pillars;  and  the  two 
net-works,  to  cover  the  two  bowls  of  the  chapiters 
which  were  upon  the  top  of  the  pillars ; 

And  four  hundred  pomegranates  for  the  two  net- 
works, even  two  rows  of  proraegranates  for  one  net- 
work, to  cover  the  two  bowls  of  the  chapitera  that 
were  upon  the  pillars  ; 
And  the  ten  bases,  and  ten  lavers  on  the  bases ; 
And  one  sea,  and  twelve  oxen  under  the  sea ; 


\p:W 


„r.M 


And  tbo  pots,  and  the  shovels,  and  the  basins  :  and 
all  these  vessels,  which  Hiram  made  to  king  Solo- 
mon for  tlie  house  of  the  Lord,  were  of  bright  brass. 
In  the  plain  of  Jordan  did  the  king  cast  them,  iu 
the  clav  ground  between  Suecoth  and  Zarthan. 

And  Solomon  left  all  the  vessels  u/noei(//icd,  bo- 
cause  they  were  exceeding  many  :  neither  was  the 
weight  of  the  brass  found  out. 

And  Solomon  made  all  the  vessels  that  jjertained 
unto  the  house  of  the  I^rd :  the  altar  of  gold,  and 
the  table  of  gold,  whcreupcjn  the  shcw-bread  ioas, 

And  the  candlesticks  of  pure  gold,  live  on  the  right 
suh',  and  live  on  the  left,  before  the  oracle,  with  the 
llowers,  and  the  lamps,  and  the  tongs  f//*g<>ld, 

And  the  bowls,  and  the  snultcrs,  and  the  basins, 
and  the  spoons,  and  the  censei-s  of  pure  gold  ;  and 
the  hinges  o/gold,  both  for  the  doors  of  the  inner 
h.mse,  the  most  ho\y  j}Iace,  and  for  the  doors  of  the 
house,  to  wit,  of  the  temple. 

So  was  ended  all  the  work  that  king  Solomon 
made  for  the  house  of  the  Lord.  And  Solomon 
brought  in  the  things  which  David  his  father  had 
dedicated  ;  even  the  silver,  and  the  gold,  and  the 
vessels,  did  he  put  among  the  tresisures  of  the  house 
of  the  Lord.     (1  Kings  vii.  13  to  51.) 

In  the  fourth  year  was  the  foundation  of  the  house 
of  the  Lord  laid,  in  the  m<jnth  Zif : 

And  in  the  eleventh  year,  in  the  month  P.ul,  which 
tJi  the  ciirhth  month,  was  the  house  iinished  through- 
out  all  the  parts  thereof,  and  according  to  all  the 
Lu-hioij  oiit.  So  wjis  he  seven  yeare  in  building  it. 
(1  Kings  vi.  37,  38.) 


DEDICATION  OF  Till!   TEMPLE. 

Then  Solomon  asscphled  the  el,lc™  of  I.ra,.],  a,„l 
^^1    1.0  heads  of  the  .,.i|,e.,  ,1,„  ,,,i,f  .,f  „„  ,,  „, 

..Hi,och,i.i,,.„„fwi,„„t„u   «„,,„„„„,,,;;; 

«.lo,„  (hat  they  might  hn,,.  „,,  the  ark  of  ,he  ,■„>„. 
"ant  „t  ,he  Lord  out  of  the  eify  of  David,  which  „ 

And  all  tl.c  men  of  Israel   asson.hk.l  thon.sclvcs 
nnto  k.no-  b<,lo,non  at  the  feast  in  the  nmnth  EtlmniM, 
wliicii  n-  the  seventh  month. 

And  all  the  elders  of  Israel  c.une,  and  the  priest. 
took  up  the  ark.  ^ 

And  they  l)ronght  up  the  ark  of  the  I^rd,  and  tho 
tabernacle  of  the  congregation,  and  all  the  holy  ves- 
sels that  were  in  the  tabernacle,  even  those  did  the 
priests  and  the  Levites  bring  up. 

And  king  Solomon,  and^'all  the  congregation  of 
Israel,  that  were  assembled  unto  him,  were\vith  him 
before  the  ark,  sacrificing  sheep  and  oxen,  that  could 
not  be  told  nor  numbered  for  miilfitnde. 

And  the  priests  brought  in  the  ark  of'the  covenant 
of  the  Lord  unto  his  place,  into  the  oracle  of  the 
house,  to  the  most  liolj^^^^^,  even  under  the  win^^ 
of  the  cherubim.  ^ 

For  the  cherubim  spread  forth  //>eir  two  win-., 
over  the  place  of  the  ark,  and  the  cherubim  covere'd 
the  ark  and  the  staves  thereof  abo\e. 

And  they  drew  out  the  staves,  that  the  ends  of  the 
staves  were  seen  out  in  the  holyy.A^<-^  l)efore  the  oni- 
cle,  and  thej  were  not  seen  without:  and  there  they 
are  unto  this  day. 


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There  was  nothing  in  tlio  ark  save  the  two  tables 
•  (f  gtc.nc,  wliich  Moses  put  there  at  Iloreb,  wlien  the 
Ixiril  made  a  covenant  with  the  children  of  Israel, 
when  they  came  ont  ^f  the  land  of  Egypt. 

And  it  c-ame  to  pass,  when  the  ]>riests  were  come 
ont  of  the  \vA\- ]>hice.  that  the  ckmd  tilled  the  house 
of  the  Ix»rd, 

So  that  the  priests  could  not  stand  to  minister 
because  of  the  cloud :  for  the  glory  of  the  Lord  had 
filled  the  house  of  the  Lord. 

Then  spake  Solomon,  The  Lord  said  that  he  would 
I'.vcll  in  the  thick  darkness. 

I  have  surely  built  thee  a  house  to  dwell  in,  a 
settled  place  for  thee  to  abide  in  for  ever. 

And  the  king  turned  his  face  about,  and  l)lesscd 
all  tne  congregation  of  Israel :  and  all  the  congrega- 
tion of  Israel  stood ; 

And  Solomon  stood  before  the  altar  of  the  I^)r<l 
in  the  presence  of  all  the  congregation  of  Israel,  and 
spread  forth  his  hands  towards  heaven  : 

And  he  said,  Lord  God  of  Israel,  ihrre  i^  no  God 
like  thee,  in  heaven  above,  or  on  earth  beneath,  who 
keepest  covenant  and  mercy  with  thy  servants  that 
walk  before  thee  with  all  their  heart: 

Who  hast  kept  with  thy  servant  David  my  father 
that  thou  promisedst  him:  thou  spakest  also  witl. 
thy  month,  and  hast  fullilled  it  with  thine  hand,  as  </ 
in  this  day. 

Therefore  now,  Lord  God  of  Israel,  keep  with  thy 
servant  David  my  father  that  thou  j>romisedst  him, 
Baying,  There  shall  not  fail  thee  a  man  in  my  sight 
to  sit  on  the  throne  of  Israel;  so  that  thy  children 


iC^ 


^ 


"U       c 


take  heed  to  their  way,  tliat  they  walk  before  me  ai 
thou  hast  walked  Ijefoi-e  me. 

And  now,  O  God  of  Israel,  let  thy  w.rd,  I  jmi^ 
thee,  be  verified,  whirh  thou  spukest  unto  thy  Her- 
vant  David  my  father. 

But  will  God  indeed  dwell  on  the  earth?  behciid, 
the  heaven  and  heaven  of  heavens  cannot  contain' 
thee;  how  much  less  this  house  that  I  liave  build.-d  ? 
And  it  was  so,  tiiat  when  Solomon  had  made  an 
end  of  praying  all  this  pi-aycr  and  sui.plication  unto 
the  Lord,  he  arose  from  before  the  altar  of  the  Lord, 
from  kneeling  on  his  knees  with  his  hands  spread  up 
to  heaven. 

And  he  stood,  and  blessed  all  the  congregation  of 
Israel  with  a  loud  voice,  saying, 

Blessed  he  the  Lord,  that  hath  given  rest  unto  his 
people  Israel,  according  to  all  that  he  promised  :  there 
hath  not  failed  one  word  of  all  his  go(jd  promise,  which 
he  promised  by  the  hand  of  Moses  his  servant. 

The  Lord  our  God  be  with  ns,  as  he  was  with  our 
fathers :  let  him  not  leave  us,  nor  forsake  us : 

That  he  may  incline  our  hearts  unto  him,  to  walk 
in  all  his  ways,  and  to  keep  his  commandments,  and 
his  statutes,  and  his  judgments,  which  he  connnanded 
our  fathers. 

And  let  these  my  words,  wherewith  I  have  made 
supplication  before  the  Lord,  be  nigh  unto  the  Ix.rd 
our  God  day  and  night,  that  he  maintain  the  cause  of 
his  servant,  and  the  cause  of  his  people  Israel  at  all 
times,  as  the  matter  shall  require: 

That  all  the  people  of  the  earth  may  know  that  the 
Lord  is  God,  (oul  that  there  U  none  else. 


'fe 


I! 


^1 


I 


t^  ii 


m 


s.( 


/!; 


I 

I 

■a 

T-'T. 


m 


J'J4 


Let  vour  lieart  tlicrefurc  be  perfect  M'ith  tlie  Lord 
onr  GckI,  to  walk  in  his  statutes,  and  to  keep  his  com- 
inaiidmeiits,  as  at  this  day. 

And  the  kin^,  and  all  Ii^rael  with  him,  offered 
Bacritiee  before  the  I»rd. 

And  Solomon  offered  a  sa.Tifice  of  peace-offerings, 
which  he  offered  unto  tlie  LK)rd,  two  and  twenty 
thonsand  oxen,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
theep.  So  the  king  and  all  the  children  of  Israel  de- 
dicated the  bouse  of  tlie  Lord. 

And  it  came  to  pass,  when  Solomon  had  finished  the 
building  of  the  lutuse  of  the  Lord, and  the  king^s  house, 
and  all  Solomon's  desire  which  he  was  pleased  to  do. 

That  the  I^)rd  api)earcd  to  Solomon  the  second  time, 
as  he  had  ai)peared  unto  him  at  Cribeon. 

And  the  Lord  said  unto  him,  I  have  heard  thy 
prayer  and  thy  su]>plication,  tliat  th(ju  hast  made  be- 
fore me  :  1  have  hallowed  this  house,  which  thou  hast 
built,  to  put  my  name  thei-e  for  ever;  and  mine  eyes 
and  mine  heart  shall  be  there  perj^etually. 

And  if  thou  wilt  walk  bcfoi-e  me,  sis  David  thy 
father  walked,  in  integrity  of  heart,  and  in  u})right- 
Mcss,  to  do  according  to  all  that  1  have  commanded 
ihee,  and  wilt  keep  my  statutes  and  my  judgments  ; 

Then  I  will  establish  the  throne  of  thy  kingdom 
u|M»n  Israel  for  ever,  as  I  promised  to  David  thy  father, 
-a\  ing.  There  shall  not  fail  thee  a  man  upon  the  throne 
of  Israel. 

But  if  ye  shall  at  all  turn  from  following  me,  ye 
■r  your  children,  and  will  not  keep  my  commandments 
nul  my  statutes  which  1  have  set  before  you,  but  gu 
;ind  serve  other  gods,  and  woisliip  them  ; 


Xl_^ 


?^^ 


i 


1? 


U 


S?/ 


:^i 


'■/I 


X  >> 


^ 


Then  will  I  cut  off  Tsrac'l  r.nf  „f  tl,n  lru„l  w!.i,-I,  I 
have  given  them;  un.l  tl.is  house,  whidi  I  have  hal- 
lowed  for  my  name,  will  I  ca^t  out  of  my  .si.r|,t  •  a,,.! 
Israel  shall  be  a  proverb  au,l  a  by-word  amon'..  all 
people :  " 

Aiid  at  this  house,  which  is  hi-h,  every  one  thui 
passeth  by  it  shall  be  astonished,  and  shalf  hiss;  aud 
tliey  shall  say,  why  hatli  the  Lord  d(.ne  thus  unto  tliis 
land,  and  to  this  lionse  i 

And  they  shall  answer,  becanse  they  forsook  the 
Lord  their  God,  who  brought  forth  their  fathei-s  out 
of  the  land  of  Egypt,  and  have  taken  hold  upon  other 
gods,  and  have  M-orshipcd  tliem,  and  served  them: 
tlierefore  hath  the  Lord  l)rong]it  upon  them  all  this  evil. 
And  it  came  to  pass  at  the  end  of  twenty  yeaj-s, 
when  Solomon  had  built  the  two  houses,  the  house  of 
the  Lord,  and  tlie  king's  honse, 

{^10  Iliram  the  king  of  Tyre  had  furnished  Solo- 
mon  with  cedar-trees  and  fir-trees,  and  with  gold, 
according  to  all  his  desire,)  that  then  king  Solmnon 
gave  Iliram  twenty  cities  in  the  land  of  Galilee. 

And  Iliram  came  out  from  Tyre  to  see  the  citic? 
which  Solomon  had  given  him  ;  and  they  pleased  hiu) 
not. 

^  And  he  said.  What  cities  are  these  which  thou  hast 
given  me,  my  brother?  And  he  called  them  the  land 
of  Cabnl  nnto  this  day.  (1  Kings  viii.  1  to  14.— !?i' 
to  27.-54  to  64.— Also  ix.  1  to  13.) 


THE   DESTRUCTION   OF   TUE   TEJfPLE   AXD    BAnVLOXISll 
CAPTiriTT. 

And  it  came  to  pass  in  the  ninth  vcar  of  his  rei'^Ti, 
25 


\\\ 

u  ,. 
I   < 

A; 

i 

■A 


u 


J 


~   ^z^ 


Cl 


ir^.i-^>-^^^< 


I 


Ifei 


b'J^ 


in  the  tenth  month,  in  the  tenth  <A/y  of  the  montli, 
that  Nehuch:ulne/.zar  l;in<;  t»f  llulnh-n  came,  lie,  and 
all  his  host,  a^niinst  Jernsaleni,  anti  pitehed  against  it ; 
and  tliey  bnilt  forts  ao;ain6t  it  round  ab(»ut. 

And  the  city  was  L-esieged  unto  the  eleventh  year 
of  kiiii;  Zedekiah. 

And  on  the  ninth  day  of  the  fourth  month  the 
famine  prevailed  in  the  city,  and  there  was  no  breaij 
for  the  jx-ople  of  tho  land. 

And  the  city  was  broken  uj),  and  all  the  men  of 
vrarffci/  l)y  nii^ht  by  the  way  of  the  gate  between  two 
walls,  which  e.»'  by  the  king's  garden :  (now  the  C'hal- 
dees  were  agsiinst  the  city  round  about:)  and  the  Jciii<i 
went  the  way  toward  the  plain. 

And  the  army  of  the  Clialdees  pni-sued  after  the 
king,  and  overtook  him  in  the  plains  of  Jericho  :  and 
all  his  army  were  scattered  fiom  him. 

So  they  t<H)k  the  king,  and  brouglit  him  up  to  the 
king  of  IJabylon  to  Riblah  ;  and  they  gave  judgment 
ujM)!!  him. 

And  the}'  slew  the  sons  of  Zedekiah  before  liis  eyes, 
and  i)ut  out  the  eyes  of  Zedekiah,  and  bound  him  with 
fettere  of  brass,  ami  carried  him  to  Babylon. 

Ajid  in  the  fifth  month,  on  the  seventh  diiy  of  the 
month,  which  is  the  nineteenth  year  of  king  Ncbu- 
chadiiezzar    king   of    J'abylon,   came  Nebuzar-adan, 
<aptain  of  the  guard,  a  servant  of  the  king  of  ]'>aby 
Ion,  unto  Jerusalem  : 

And  he  burnt  the  house  of  the  T»rd,  and  the  king's 
house,  and  all  the  houses  of  Jeruf;alem,  and  every 
jreat  r/mn^s  house  burnt  he  with  lire. 

An<l  all  the  army  of  the  Chahlees,  tliat  were  with      \ 


Q 


f 


'A 


'¥ 

ilk 

r 


u 


■tu 


m 


■R1 

m 

ilv   i: 


il^ 


li--   ■/ 


the  captain  of  the  guard,  bralcc  down  tlio  walls  c,f 
Jerusalem  round  about. 

Now  the  rest  of  the  peoj.lc  that  wci-o  left  in  the 
city,  and  tlic  fu-itives  tliat  fell  awav  to  the-  kin-  of 
Babylon,  with  the  remnant  of  the  nmltitude,  did  Ne- 
buzar-adan  the  captain  of  the  guard  cai-ry  away. 

But  the  captain  of  the  guard  left  of  the  poor  of  the 
land  to  he  vine-dressers  and  husbandmen. 

And  the  pillars  of  brass  that  were  in  the  hou.se  of 
the  Lord,  and  the  bases,  and  the  brazen  sea  that  wa>i 
in  the  house  of  the  Lord,  did  the  Chaldees  bi-.-jik  in 
])ieces,  and  carried  the  brass  of  them  to  Babylon. 

And  the  pots,  and  the  shovels,  ayd  the  snuffers,  and 
the  spoons,  and  all  the  vessels  of  brass  whei-ewith  they 
ministered,  took  they  away. 

And  the  firepans,  and  the  bowls,  and  such  things  as 
were  of  gold,  in  gold,  and  of  silver,  hi  silvcrrthe 
captain  of  the  guard  took  away. 

The  two  pillars,  one  sea,  and  the  bases  which  Solo- 
mon had  made  for  the  house  of  the  Lord  ;  the  brass 
of  all  these  vessels  was  without  weight. 

The  height  of  the  one  pillar  was  eigliteen  cubits, 
and  the  chapiter  upon  it  wa.s  brass:  and  the  lieight 
of  the  chapiter  three  cubits  ;  and  the  wreathen  work, 
and  pomegranates  upon  the  cha])iter  round  about,  all 
of  brass:  and  like  unto  these  had  the  second  jjillar 
with  wreathen  work. 

And  the  captain  of  the  guard  took  Seraiali  the  chief 
priest,  and  Zephaniah  the  second  ])riest,  and  the  thive 
keepers  of  the  door: 

And  out  of  the  city  he  took  an  ofliccr  that  was  set 
over  the  men  of  war,  and  five  men  of  them  that  wito 


1s\ 


if\ 


W\ 


{\    I 

S  \ 


c^^-^- 


l^il 


6| 

f 


fl 


i^i^i 


in  the  kiiif^'s  presence,  which  were  found  in  the  city 
:inJ  the  principal  ijcribe  of  the  host,  which  nmsteied 
the  people  of  the  land,  and  threescore  men  of  the 
l^K.Htple  of  the  land  that  were  found  in  the  city : 

And  Xebuzar-adan  captain  of  the  <;uard  took  these, 
and  brou;rht  them  to  the  kin<r  of  Babvlon  to  Riblah : 

And  the  king  of  Babylon  smote  them,  and  slew 
them  at  Kiblah  in  the  land  of  Ilamath.  So  Judah 
wa*  carried  uway  out  of  their  land.  (II.  Kings,  xxv 
1  to  21.) 

liETUKX    FROM     THE   CAPTH'TTT   AND   COMilEXCOtENT   OF 
DUILDLNG    OF    TUE    TE31PLE    OF    ZERUUU.VBKL. 

Now  in  the  firet  year  of  Cyrus  king  of  Persia,  that 
the  word  of  the  Lord  by  the  mouth  of  Jeremiali 
might  be  fulfilled,  the  Lord  stirred  up  the  spirit  of 
( 'yrua  king  of  Persia,  that  he  made  a  proclamation 
throughout  all  his  kingdom,  and  jiat  it  also  in  writing, 
saying, 

Thus  saith  Cyrus  king  of  Persia,  The  Lord  God  of 
heaven  hath  given  me  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  earth; 
and  he  hath  charged  me  to  build  him  a  house  at 
.Icrusiilcm,  which  in  in  Judah. 

Who  w  there  among  you  of  all  his  people  ?  his  God 
•e  with  him,  and  let  him  go  up  to  Jerusalem,  which 
V  in  Judah,  and  build  the  hojise  of  the  Lord  God  of 
Israel,  (he  is  the  God,)  which  w<  in  Jerusalem. 

Tlien  rose  up  the  chief  of  the  fathei-s  of  Judah  and 
I!<Mij:imin,  and  the  priests,  and  the  Levites,  with  all 
'firm  whose  spirit  Ciod  had  raised,  to  go  up  to  build 
'he  house  of  the  Lord  which  is  in  Jerusalem. 

A'll   till  they  that  were  about   them  strengthened 


^3r^ 


■^^-^ 


leir  hands  with  vessels  of  gilver,  witli  gold    with 

-ds  and  with  beasts,  and  with  i.reciuus  Uiing.  b.- 
3s  all  that  was  willfngly  offered. 

Also  Cyrus  the  king  brought  forth  the  vcseclfl  ol 
he  house  of  the  Lord,  which  Nebuchadnezzar  had 
brought  forth  out  of  Jerusalem,  and  had  put  them  in 
the  house  of  his  gods : 

Even  those  did  Cyrus  king  of  Persia  bring  fc.rth 
by  the  hand  of  Mithredath  the  treasurer,  and  num- 
bered them  unto  Sheshbazzar,  the  })rince  of  Judah. 

And  thls^5  the  number  of  them:  thirty  chargers 
of  gold,  a  thousand  chargers  of  silver,  nine  and  twenty 
knives,  ^ 

Thirty  basins  of  gold,  silver  basins  of  a  second  ^ort 
four  hundred  and  ten,  and  ot\x^x  vessels  a  thousand 

All  the  vessels  of  gold  and  of  silver  were  five 
thousand  and  four  hundred.  All  these  did  Shcsli- 
bazzar  bring  up  with  them  of  the  captivity  that  were 
brought  up  from  Babylon  unto  Jerusalem. 

Now  these  are  the  children  of  the  province  that 
went  up  out  of  the  captivity,  of  those  which  had  been 
carried  away,  whom  Kebuchadnezzar  the  king  of 
Babylon  had  carried  away  unto  Babylon,  and  cTune 
again  unto  Jerusalem  and  Judah,  every  one  unto  his 
city; 

Which  came  with  Zerubbabel :  Jeshua,  Kehemiaii, 
Seraiah,  Eeelaiah,  Mordecai,  Bilshan,  Mizpar,  Bigvai,' 
Tlehum,  Baanah.  The  number  of  the  men  of"*  the' 
people  of  Israel : 

The  whole  congregation  together  xoas  forty  and  two 
thousand  three  hundred  and  threescore. 

And  some  of  the  chief  of  the  fathers,  when  thcv 


I 

h 
1 


t^ 


\4 


iHi 


jy-*^ 


J] d 


&=d 


f 


li 


rV 


V  ■ 


v' 
■vd 


404 


canr-.  to  the  house  of  the  Lord  wliich  is  at  Jerusalem, 
t'iiL'red  freely  for  the  house  of  God  to  set  it  up  iu  liis 
phice : 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure  ol 
the  work  threescore  and  one  thousand  dranis  of  gold, 
and  five  thousand  pounds  of  silver,  and  one  hundred 
priests  garments. 

And  when  the  seventh  month  was  come,  and  the 
children  of  Israel  were  iu  the  cities,  the  people  gathered 
themselves  together  a^^  one  man  to  Jerusalem. 

Then  stood  up  Joshua  the  son  of  Jozadiik,  and  his 
brethren  the  priests,  and  Zerubbabel  the  son  of  Sheal- 
tiel,  and  his  brethren,  and  builded  the  altar  of  the 
KkyA  of  Israel,  to  offer  burnt  offerings  thereon,  as  it  is 
written  iu  the  law  of  Moses  the  man  of  God. 

And  they  set  the  altar  npon  his  bases  ;  for  fear  was 
uix)n  them  because  of  the  people  of  those  countries : 
and  they  offered  burnt-offerings  thereon  nnto  the 
Lord,  even  burnt-offerings  morning  and  evening. 

They  gave  money  also  unto  the  masons,  and  to  the 
carpentei*s;  and  meat,  and  drink,  and  oil,  unto  them 
of  Zidon,  and  to  them  of  Tyre,  to  bi-ing  cedar-trees 
from  Lebanon  to  the  sea  of  Joppa,  according  to  the 
grant  that  they  had  of  Cyrus  king  of  Pei-sia. 

Isow  in  the  second  year  of  their  coming  unto  the 
house  of  Gt>d  at  Jerusalem,  in  the  second  month,  be- 
gan Zerubbabel  the  son  of  Shealtiol,  and  Jeshua  the 
BDn  of  Jdzadak,  and  the  renmant  oi  their  brethren  the 
priests  and  the  Ixjvites,  and  all  they  that  were  come 
out  of  the  caj)tivity  unto  Jerusalem  ;  and  ajipointed  the 
I>evites,  from  twenty  years  old  and  upward,  to  set  for- 
ward the  work  of  the  house  of  the  Lord. 


V  ./ 


;vr. 


L.^ 


W 


^ 


^ 


:\\ 


Vi, 


V      ' 


IK 


^1;)==^ 


No\v  when  tlie  advci-sarics  (if  .Iiidali  and  n.-iijaniin 
heard  that  the  cliilchcn  of  tlic  <  aptivity  buihled  the 
temple  unto  the  Lord  (iod  of  Israel  ; 

lielnnn  the  chancellor  and  Shiiii>hai  the  Kcrihc 
n-rote  a  letter  a«^anist  Jcrusalcin  to  Artaxerxes  the 
kiiiii;  in  this  sort: 

Tlien  sent  the  kin<r  an  answer  unto  liehiim  the 
rlianccllor,  and  to  Shimshai  the  scribe,  and  to  the  rest 
of  their  companions  tliat  dwell  in  Samaria,  and  unto 
tlie  rest  beyond  the  river,  Peace,  and  at  such  a  time. 

The  letter  which  ye  sent  unto  us  hath  been  plainly 
read  before  me. 

Give  ye  now  commandinent  to  "ause  these  men  t<j 
cease,  and  that  this  city  be  n(jt  builded,  until  another 
commandment  shall  be  given  from  me. 

]N"ow  when  the  copy  of  kinpi;  .Vrtaxerxcs'  letter  u\ia 
read  before  Rehnm,  and  Shimshai  the  scribe,  and 
their  companions,  they  went  np  in  haste  to  Jerusalem 
nnto  the  Jews,  and  made  them  to  cejise  by  force  and 
power. 

Then  ceased  the  work  of  the  house  of  God  which 
is  at  Jerusalem.  So  it  ceased  nnto  the  second  year 
of  the  reign  of  Darius  king  of  Persia. 

Then  the  prophets,  Ilaggai  the  prctphet,  and  Zecha- 
riah  the  son  of  Iddo,  prophesied  unto  the  Jews  that 
were  in  Jndah  and  Jerusalem  iu  the  name  of  the  (iu<l 
of  Israel,  even  unto  them. 

Then  rose  np  Zerubbabel  the  son  of  Shcaltid,  an<l 
Jeshna  the  son  of  Jozadak,  and  began  to  i)uild  the 
house  of  God  which  ?'s  at  JerusalcMu:  and  with  them 
were  the  prophets  of  God  helping  them. 

At  the  same  time  came  to  them  Tatnai,  governor  or 


-Cn^^cV 


u 


vv 


I 


I,i 


¥ 


V' 


^) 


^ 


hi 
H 


if  .J  I 


408 


this  side  the  river,  aud  Shcthar-boznai,  and  tlieir  com- 
panions, and  Siiid  thus  unto  tlieni,  AMio  luith  coin- 
nuinded  you  to  build  this  house,  and  to  make  up  this 
walH 

Then  said  we  unto  them  after  tliis  manner,  AMiut 
arc  the  names  of  the  men  that  make  tliis  buiklin<;? 

But  the  eve  of  their  God  was  upon  the  elders  (»f  the 
Jews,  that  tliey  could  not  cause  them  to  cease,  till  the 
matter  came  to  Darius:  and  then  tliey  returned  answer 
by  letter  concerning  this  matter. 

The  copy  of  the  letter  that  Tatnai,  governor  on  this 
side  the  river,  and  Shethar-boznai,  and  his  companions 
the  Aphai*sjichites,  which  wei'e  on  this  side  the  river, 
sent  unto  Darius  the  king: 

They  sent  a  letter  unto  him,  wherein  was  written 
thus ;  Unto  Darius  the  king,  all  peace. 

Be  it  known  nnto  the  king,  that  we  went  into  the 
province  of  Judea,  to  the  house  of  the  great  God, 
which  is  builded  with  great  stones,  and  timber  is  laid 
in  the  walls,  and  this  work  goeth  fast  on,  and  pros- 
pereth  in  their  hands. 

Then  asked  we  those  elders,  and  said  imto  them 
thus,  "Who  commanded  you  to  build  this  house,  and 
to  make  up  these  walls? 

We  a,-^ked  their  names  also,  to  certify  thee,  that  we 
might  write  the  names  of  the  men  that  were  the  chiei 
of  them. 

And  thus  they  returned  us  answer,  saying,  "We  are 
the  servants  of  the  God  of  heaven  and  earth,  and 
build  the  house  that  was  builded  these  many  yean^ 
ago,  which  a  great  king  of  Israel  builded  and  set  up.      1: 

But  after  that  our  fathers  had  provoked  the  God  of     k 


\^^ 


^ 


■i 


§ 


I'  / 


S^f^s:;^^:: 


-J'^^n 


40 'J 


licavcn  unto  wnitli,  ho  <ra\-c  tliciii  into  the  hand  «f 
Nebuchadnezzar  the  king  of  Bahyhin,  the  Chaldean, 
who  destroyed  this  house,  and  carried  the  people  awa^ 
into  Babylon. 

But  in  the  first  year  of  Cyrus  the  king  of  Bal)yl<jn, 
the  same  king  Cyrus  made  a  decree  to  build  this  house 
of  God. 

And  the  vessels  also  of  gold  and  silver  of  the  house 
of  God,  which  Nebuchadnezzar  UmAh  out  of  the  temple 
that  ivas  in  Jerusalem,  and  brought  them  into  tlie 
temple  of  Babylon,  those  did  Cyrus  the  king  take  out 
of  the  temple  of  Babylon,  and  they  were  delivered 
unto  one,  whose  name  was  Shcshbazzar,  whom  he  had 
made  governor ; 

And  said  unto  him.  Take  these  vessels,  go,  carry 
them  into  the  temple  that  is  in  Jerusalem,  and  let  the 
house  of  God  be  builded  in  his  place. 

Now  therefore,  if  it  seem  good  to  the  king,  let  there 
be  search  made  in  the  king's  treasure  house,  which  is 
there  at  Babylon,  whether  it  be  so,  that  a  decree  was 
made  of  Cyrus  the  king  to  build  this  house  of  God  at 
Jerusalem,  and  let  the  king  send  his  pleasure  to  us 
concerning  tliis  matter. 

Then  Darius  the  king  made  a  decree,  and  search 
was  made  in  the  house  of  the  rolls,  where  the  treasures 
were  laid  up  in  Babylon. 

And  there  was  found  at  Achmetha,  in  the  palace 
that  is  in  the  province  of  the  Medcs,  a  roll,  and  therein 
was  a  record  thus  written: 

In  the  first  year  of  Cyrus  the  king,  the  same  Cyrus 
the  king  made  a  decree  concernin<j  the  house  of  Gt>d 
at  Jerusalem,  Let  the  house  be  builded,  the  place 


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where  they  offered  sacrifices,  and  let  the  foundations 
tJiereof  be  stronirly  hiid ;  tlie  heiijht  thereof  threescore 
cubits,  a/ui  the  breadth  thereof  threescore  cubits; 

WttA  three  rows  of  j^reat  stones,  and  a  row  of  new 
timber:  and  let  the  expenses  be  given  out  of  the 
kini^'s  house: 

And  also  let  the  golden  and  silver  vessels  of  the 
house  of  God,  which  Nebuchadnezzar  took  forth  out 
of  the  temple  which  is  at  Jerusalem,  and  brought  unto 
Babylon,  be  restored,  and  brought  again  unto  the 
temple  which  is  at  Jerusalem,  everi/  one  to  his  place, 
and  place  thein  in  the  house  of  God. 

Let  the  work  of  this  house  of  God  alone;  let  the 
governor  of  the  Jews  and  the  elders  of  the  Jews  build 
this  house  of  God  in  his  place.  (Ezra  i. — ii.  1,  2, 
•■■3,  G4.— iii.  1,  3,  7,  8.— iv.  1,  8,  17,  IS,  21,  23,  2l.— 
V.  1,  15,  IT. — vi.  1,  5,  7. 


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CHEONOLOGY   OF 

REMARKABLE  EVENTS  IX  Till-  IHSTORY 
OF  JERUSALEM. 

FEOM    THE    EARLIEST    RECORDS    OF   TirE    CITY  TO    18U. 


1450 


1400 


1444  B.C.    First  notice,  and  first  accounts  of  JeruBalem.     Jo«h. 
x-xv.-xviii. 
First  siege.     Judges  i.  8,  21. 
Zion  repeatedly  besieged  from  this  time  till  1040,  but 

without  success. 
David    takes    the  stronghold   of    the  JebiLsit<'8,   and 

makes  Jerusalem  his  capital.     1  Chron.  xi.-xii. 
David  removes  the  ark  from    Kirjath-Joarim   to   the 
house   of   Obed  Edom;    thenco   to   Jerusalem.       1 
Chron.  xii.-xiv. 
Victories  over  Moab,  Philistia,  Syria,  and  Fxlom.     1 

Chron.  xviii 
David  defeats  Ammon  and  Syria.     1  Chroo,  xix. 
103&-34       David's  adultery ;  siege  of  Rabbah  ;  murder  of  Uriah. 

1  Chron.  xx. 
1033  Birth  of  Solomon.     2  Snm.  xti. 

1031  Absalom  kills  Amnon,  and  flics.     2  Ram.  xlil. 

1025  Absalom  raises  a  revolt  againrt  David,  hiji  father.     9 

Sam.  XT. 


1041 
1038-37 


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Dane!  retrcatu  to  Mahanaim. 

Joab  defeats  and  slays  Absjilom. 

David  returns.     2  Sum.  xviii.,  xii. 

The  three  years'  famine.     2  Sam.  xxi. 

Last  wars  with  the  Thilistines. 

Dand  BuMues  his  enemies.     1  Chron.  xx. 

Da\'id  numbers  Israel ;  the  plague.     1  Chron.  xxi. 

David  collects  materials,  and  instructs  Solo*iion  Jis  to 

the  building  of  the  Temple.     1  Chron.  xxii. 
Rebellion  of  Adonijah ;    Solomon  proclaimed  David'f 

BUCces.sor  ;  Adonijah  submits.     1  Kings  i. 
David's   final  charge   to   Solomon;    directs  Joab   aiiu 

Shimei  to  be  put  to  death.     1  Kings  ii 
King  Solomon's  reign  begins. 
Adonijah  and  Joab  put  to  death.     1  Kings  ii. 
Solomon  collects  men  and  materials  for  building  the 

Temple.     1  Kings  v. 
Solomon  marries  Pharaoh's  daughter.     1  Kings  iii. 
Commences  building  the  Temple. 
The  Temple  completed  and  dedicated.     2  Chron.  v. 
The  Queen  of  Sheba's  vi.sit  to  Solomon.     2  Cliron.  ix. 
The  wives  of  Solomon  seduce  him  into  idolatry. 
Death  of  Solomon.     1  Kings  xL 
Ilehoboam  succeeds  his  father  on  the  throne.     1  KingM 

lil 
The  revolt ;   ten   tribes,   under  Jeroboam,   form   tlu- 

kingdom  of  Israel,  with  their  capital  at  Shechem. 
Judah   and   Benjamin    remain  with   Rehoboam,   and 

form  the  kingdom  of  Judah.     1  Kings  xii. 
Rehoboam  fortifies  his  kingdom.     2  Chron.  xi. 
Jcru.salem  plundered  by  Shishak.     1  Kings  xiv. 
Death  of  Rehoboam ;   he  is  succeeded  by  Abijah.     1 

Kings  xiv. 
Abijah  defeats  Jeroboam  in  battle.     2  Chron.  ii. 
Death  of  Abijah ;   he  is  succeeded  by  Xna. 
Asa  puts  away  idolatrj*.     1  Kings  xv. 
Asa  defeats  the  Ethiopians.     2  Chron.  xiv. 
Asa  bribes  Bcnhadad,  king  of  Syria,  to  attack  Baasb» 

1  Kings  XV. 
Death  of  Ai>a ;  succeeded  by  Jehoshaphat.    1  Kings  xv 


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885 


877 
840 


838 

827 


Disastrous  expedition  to  Ramoth. 

Jehoshaphat  and  Al.ab  ui.iU;  in  battle  apninHt  Uie  Rrri 

ans.     2  Chron.  xviii. 
Jehoshaphat  joi«8  Ahaziah  in  onni.ni.ercial  oxiKxlition 
his  ships  wreckcl ;  refuscH  to  join  in  anotbur  cxi.c.di: 
tion.     1  Kinffs  xxii. ,  48,  4i>. 
Jehoram  bof^ins  to  reig-n  with  Jehoshaphat 
Death  of  Jehoshaphat. 
Jehoram  continues  to  reign. 
Aliaziah  rei^ms  as  viceroy  to  his  father. 
Death  of  Jehoram. 
Aliaziah  joins  Joram  against  HazaeL 
Ahaziah  slain  by  Jehu. 

Athalia  usurps  the  tlirono,  and  destroys  all  the  seed 
royal  except  Joa.sh,  who  is  concealed  by  his  aunt. 
Jehosheba.     2  KiiiK-s  xi. 
Joash  begins  to  reign  ;  Athalia  slain,     2  Kingn  xi 
Joash  and  the  people   ftill   into   idolatry ;    Zachariab 
reproves  them,  and  is  slain  in  the  Temple  court. 
Matt.  23. 
Joash  slain  by  his  servants ;  Amaziah  succeeds  him  on 

the  throne.     2  Kings  xii. 
Hires  an  army  of  Israelites  to  a.ssist  him  agaiast  the 
Edomites;    but,  at  the   prophet's  command,   scn.li* 
them  back. 

Amaziah  then  defeats  the  Edomites  and  worships  their 
idols. 

Afterwards  provokes  the  King  of  Israel  to  battle,  and 
is  taken  prisoner  by  him.     2  Kin!r,'8  xiv. 

Amaziah  slain ;  succeeded  by  Azariah,     2  Kings  xiv. 

Increases  his  army. 

Struck  with  leprosy  for  invading  the  priest's  office. 

Jotham  made  regent.     2  Kings  xv. 

Death  of  Azariah  ;  Jotham  king. 

Syria  and  Israel  begin  to  adlict  Judah  ;  Jotliam   : 
and  is  succeeded  by  Ahaz.     2  Kings  xvi. 

Judah  devastated ;  Jerusniem  taken  by  Syria  luiJ 
Israel ;  Ahaz,  being  hard  pressed,  hires  Tiglnth 
Pileser,  the  king  of  Assyria,  against  them.     8  King» 


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607 

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589 


414 

Pcath  of  Ahaz  ;  Buccoetled  liy  Hezekiah.   2  Kingp'  rriii 
Sennacherib  comes  up  against  Judah,  but  is  pacified 

by  a  tribute  and  returns.     2  Kings  xviii. 
Sennacherib  again  invades  the  kingdom  of  Judah  ;  his 

army  destroyed  near  Jerusidem  by  an  augel.     Lsa, 

XXXV. -vii. 
Death  of  Hezekiah  ;  succeeded  by  Manareeh. 
Jenisalem  taken  by  the  King  of  Assyria ;    Manasseh 

carrie<l  away  captive  to  Babylon. 
Death  of  Manasseh.     2  Chron.  xxxiii. 
He  is  Bucceded  by  Amon.     2  Kings  xxL 
Amon  slain  by  his  servants ;  succeeded  by  Joeiah.     2 

Chron.  xxxiii. 
Josiah  prepares  to  repair  the  Temple.     2  Kings  xxii. 
A  solemn  celebration  of  the  passover  by  Josiah.     2 

Kings  xxiii. 
In  attempting  to  stop  the  King  of  Egypt  from  crossing 

his  territory,  Josiah   is  slain   in  battle.     2  Chron. 

XXXV. 

Jehoahaz  succeeds  him  ;  reigns  three  months,  then  de- 
posed by  Pharaoh  Xocho,  and  taken  to  Egyjjt ;  Jehoi- 
akim  succeeds  him.     2  Kings  xxiii. 

Nebuchadnezzar  takes  Jerusalem  ;  puts  Jehoiakim  in 
fetters  ;  aftenvards  releasing  him,  makes  him  tribu- 
tary; spoils  the  Temple.  2  Kings  xxiv.  2  Chron. 
xxxvi. 

Orders  the  master  of  his  eunuchs  to  select  and  send  to 
Babylon  some  of  the  royal  family  and  nobility  tc 
stand  in  the  king's  palace. 

Daniel,  Hananiah,  Mishael,  Azariah,  Shadrach,  Mesh- 
ach,  and  Abednego  are  selected,  and  taken  there. 
Dan.  L 

Death  of  Jehoiakim  ;  succeeded  by  Jehoiachin. 

Jcru.salem  again  taken  by  Nebuchadnezzar ;  Jehoiachin, 
with  many  of  his  subjects,  carried  to  Babylon ;  Zede- 
kiah  made  king.     2  Kings  xxiv.  ;  Jer.  lii. 

Zcdekiah  rebels  ;  Nebuchadnezzar  lays  siege  to  Jerusa- 
lem for  the  thinl  time.     2  Kings  xxv. 

The  Chaldeans  raise  the  siege  to  march  against  the 
approachinL'  Egj-ptian  army.     Jer.  xxxviL 


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The  Chaldeans  return  ;  JcruwUom  token  ;  the  Tompie 
burnt,  and  the  j.oople  carried  awa:^  captive  ;  (J.-daliah 
appointed  governor;  I«buiael  nlnyn  Ge<laJ.;di  2 
Kings  XXV. 

Decree  of  Cyrus  for  the  rchuildu.g  the  Tcn.ple,  and 
restoration  of  the  Jews.     2  Chron.  xxxvi. 

Zei-ubbabel  commences  to  build  the  second  T.-mpIe 
Ezra  iii. 

The  work  on  the  Temple  interrupted  hj  the  Soiuori- 

tans.     Ezra  iv. 
Building  of  the  Temple  resumed.     Hag.  L 
Dedication  of  the  second  Temple.     Ez.  vl 
Nehemiah  receives  a  commission  from  Artaxerxcs  to 
visit  Jerusalem  and  rebuild  the  waU  ;  the  waU  cota- 
pletcd  and  dedicated.     Keh.  L-vl 
Jehoiada  high-priest. 
Johanan  high -priest. 

Alexander  visits  Jerusalem;  plants  JewB  in  Alexandria. 
Ptolemy  Lagus   captures  JeruBalem;   plant*  Jews  in 

Alexandria  and  Cyrene. 
Simon  the  Just  high-priest. 
Version  of  the  Seventy  commenced,  Alexandria. 
Ptolemy  Philopatcr  prevented  from  entering  the  IIolj 
of  Holies  ;  he  attempts  to  destroy  the  Jews  at  Alex- 
andria, but  is  miraculously  i)reveuted. 
The  sect  of  the  Sadducees  founded. 
Scopas,  an  Egyptian  general,   recovere  Jerusalem  to 

the  King  of  Egypt. 
Antiochus  regains  Judea. 
Heliodorus  attempts  to  plunder  the  Temple,  but  ia  jir.'- 

veuted  by  an  angel. 
Antiochus  Epiijhaues  takes  Jerusalem,  and  slays  40,U^..,J 

persons  ;  he  also  profanes  the  Temple. 
Judas  Maccabajus  purifies  the  Temple,  and  institutet 

the  feast  of  dedication. 
Judas    Maccabajus  slain ;    succeeded    by   his   brother 

Johnathan. 
Johnathan   murdered    by   T^-phon ;    is   Bucceodcd    i 
Simon,  his   brother,  who   is  made  ruler  by  Den., 
trius. 


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Simon  niunierfd ;    succeeded  by  his  son,  John  Hyi- 

conus. 
John  Uyrcanos  throws  off  the  Syrian  yoke,  and  cstab- 

linhes  his  independence  ;  he  destroys  the  Temple  on 

Mt.  Gerizim. 
Aristobidus  Bucceeds  his  father  Hyrcanus. 
Aloximder  Jannaeus  succeeds  his  brother  Aristobulus. 
Janmeus  dies  ;    is  succeeded  by  Alexandra,  his  wife, 

who  makes  her  son  Hyrcanus  high -priest 
Death  of  Alexandra  ;  is  succeeded  by  Hyrcanus,  who 

is  forced  to  j-ield  the  crown  to  his  younjjer  brother 

Aristobulus.  • 

Ponipey  the  Great  reduces  Syria  to  a  Roman  province ; 

HjTcanus  endeavors  to  rej^ain  the  crown. 
He  and  his  brother  appeal  to  Pompey,  who  decides  for 

Hyrcanus  ;  Pompey  takes  Jerusalem. 
Aristobulus  and  his  son  raise   disturbances,  and   are 

vanquished   by  Gabinius,    the   Homan   govomor   of 

Syria. 
Crassus  plunders  the  Temple. 
Julius  Cai.sar  ai)points  Autipater  procurator  of  Judea  ; 

who  makes  his  son  Uerod  governor  of  Galilee,  and 

Phasael  of  Jerusalem. 
Walls  of  Jerusalem  rebuilt. 
Antipater  poisoned ;    Herod  and  Phasael  revenge  his 

death. 
Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Parthians.  who  slay  Phasael, 

and  place  Autigonus  upon  the  throne  ;  Herod  Qies  to 

Rome,  and  is  appointed  King  of  Judea. 
Herod   takes  Jerusalem,    beheads  Antigonus.    and    ia 

establislied  King  of  Judea ;  he  makes  Aritstobulus, 

brother  of  his  wife  Mariamne,  high-priest,  but  after- 
wards murders  liim. 
Htirod  begins  to  rebuild  and  enlargtJ  the  Temple. 

Nathttt  ok  Jescs  CnnisT. 

Jesiu  visits  Jerusalem. 

Pilat«  sent  from  Rome  as  Governor  of  Judea. 

J(ihn  the  IJiqttiHt  begins  his  miiiihtry. 

Jcsuf  baptized  by  John. 


'^' 


363 

453 
529 


Tho  crucifixion. 

Ananias  and  .Sapl,,,him  Rtnick  dm.] 

Stq.hou  stoned;  and  tl.o  church  pcrnoc-uted. 

Herod  Affrippa  ina.lc'  Kin^^  of  Jujea 

James  beheaded  L.y  Herod;  liberaUon  of  Poter  br  an 
anfrel.  ' 

Paul  sent  a  prisoner  to  Rome 

"^110.:.^'  ""  ''^'"^  "'■"°  ^'  '^•"^"-"   ''^  ^»- 
Jerusalem   besieged   and  taken   by  Titun ;    1.100  (KH) 
Jews  perish  by  the  sword,  lire,  famine,  and  cruci- 
fixion,  besides  97,000  who  were  sold  as  alave^ 

Jerusalem  razed  to  its  foundations. 

John  banished  to  the  Isle  of  Patmos  by  Domitian 

John  writes  the  Revelation. 

John  liberated. 

John,  the  last  survinnjr  Apostle,  dies. 

The    Jews    revolt,    and    become    masters    of    Joru- 
salem. 

Jerusalem  retaken  by  the  Romans. 
The  Empress  Helena  visits  Jerusalem,  and  builda  two 
churches. 

The  attempt  to  lay  the  foundation  of  another  Tem- 
ple. 

Jerusalem  made  an  independent  patriarchate. 

The  Emperor  Justinian  founded  at  Jeru.salem  a  Bj.lon- 

did  church  in  honor  of  the  Virgin. 
The    Persian    army,    under     Chosroes,    takes    Jern- 

salem. 

Chosroes  defeated  by  Heraclius  ;  the  city  recovered  ; 

the  Greeks. 
Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Khalif  Omar;  commonccnurn 

of  the  reign  of  Mohammedanism. 
Jerusalem  taken  by  Ahmed,  a  Turkish  sovereign  of 

Egypt. 
Ortok  made  ruler  of  the  city  l)y  Tntnsh. 
The  cru.saders  under  Godfrey  Bouillon  tako  the  city, 

the    conqueror   mado    king;    ia  succeeded    by   hui       i 

brother  Baldwin. 
Baldwin  dies. 


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418 

Saladin,  Sultan  of  the  East,  captured  the  city. 

Jeruitalem  restored  to  the  Latin  jiriucea. 

It  is  taken  from  them  by  the  SiiitauB  of  Egypt. 

Selim,  the  Turkish  Saltan,  takea  the  city. 

The  present  walls  built. 

Mohammed  Ali,  Paiiha  of  E^ypt.  takes  Jerusalem. 

Taken  possession  of   by  the   Fellahin   (tillers  of   the 

soil). 
Restored  to  the  Sultan  of  Turkey. 


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COUESE'  AND  DISTANCE 

FROM  THE  CENTEB 

OF  TPIE  CUT  OF  JERUSALE.M 

TO  THE  FOLLOWING  PLACES. 


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DISTANCE,  VEBT  NEAR.* 

TO                                          COtmSE.  GEO.  MILES. 

Askelon W.  S.W.  a-4 

Acre N.N.W.  80 

Antiocli N.  by  W.  300 

Bethany E.S.E.  2 

Bethlehem S.  4 

Beeroth N.    •  7 

Bethel N.  10 

Beersheba S.S.W.  40 

Bethsaida N.  by  E.  85 

Baalbek N.N.E.  195 

Babylon E.N.E.  5^0    Air-line. 

ChorazLa N.  by  E.  80 

Capernaum N.  by  E.  78 

Caesarea N.  N.  W.  GG    Via  Joppa. 

Dead  Sea S.E  12 

Damascus N.N.E.  150 

Ephesus.. N.W.  COO    Via    Joppa,    and    MoJi 

"aza S .  W.  45         terrauean. 

Gadara N.N.E.  G5 

Gebal N.  by  E.  186    Via  Joppa. 

Hebron S.  by  W.  17 

Hamath N.N.K  250 

♦  As  but  few  of  these  roaiia  or  rmiKM  Imvn  i'vit  b«!n  KirTcyM,  th«  cxart  dU 
tances  cannot  be  Riveu. 


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TO                                          COPItMK.  UkO.    MlLSa 

Joricha E.N.li  13 

Joppa. N.W.  S5 

Kirjath-Jcarim X.  W.  9 

Lyilda N.W.  85 

Noxiu-L'th N.  67 

Niueveb N.ll  SriO     Air  liuc* 

Palmyra. N.K  245 

lUblmlh E.X.K.  43 

Shiloh N.  by  E.  18 

Shechera N.  21) 

Sucvoth X.E.  40     Air-luio. 

Sttiniiriu N.  by  W.  40 

Siiloii N.  14,1 

Sardis N.  by  W.  (iUO     Viji  Joj^pa  »ud  Med 

Shushan K.  MO     Air  lino. 

Tiboriaa N.  by  K.  08 

Torsua N.  USS     Via  Joppa  and  MetL 

SOUKCES  or  THE  JOUOAX. 

VixMM N.N.E.  120 

llotebciytt N.N.E.  i;>5 

MOUNTAINS. 

Ararat N.E.  775 

L«banon  Siuuniit. .  ..N.  by  E.  105 
tlar)^)r    from    which 

tho    cedar    timber 

wojs       UuaU'd       to 

Joppa N.  by  W.  105     \"\n  Jop|>a 

Carnu-l N.W.  OS     Air  liiu. 

Ciilboa N.  by  E.  50 

U<-rizim N.E.  35 

n.rmon N.N.E.  118 

Pinpah E.  25 

lUmoth  G ilcad N.E.  8« 

Tabor N.  by  E.  00 

Hor S.  by  E.  100 

Horob S.  J  V  W.  22^ 


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421 


List  of  Interesting  and  Valuable  Works  on  tub 
Holy  Land. 

riiKK 

llobinRon.     Researches,  IJ  vols.    Mafis $1(J  00 

Stanley.     Egy[)t  and  Palestine   7  00 

Thompson.     The  Land  and  the  Book,  2  vols.    Maps. .....  5  00 

Tristram.     Natural  History  of  Palestine ,'.  r>  (K) 

"              The  Land  of  Israel 1 2  00 

The  Bible,  Atlas  of.    Maps  and  jJans ITj  00 

Van  D.  Velde's  Map  of  Palestine 12  00 

Recovery  of  Jerusalem— Ordnance  Survey.      By  Caj.tain 

Wilson,  R.E. ;j  -jq 

Barclay,  Rev.  T.  J.     City  of  the  Great  King' 10  0<J 

Ravvson,  A.  L.     Bible  Hand-Book   y  00 

Bur,  N.  C.  ,D.D.  Sacred  History  and  Geography  of  Palestine  3  00 
Kitto.    Cyclopedia  of  Biblical  Literature,  3  vols.    Engrav- 

"iffs 3100 

(Abridged)  7  0(> 

McLeod,  Norman.     Eastward.    Engravings 12  00 

Layard,  A.  H.     Nineveh  and  its  Remains,  3  vols.  8vo.  En- 

graviugs 18  00 

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*  Dr.  Barclay  was  for  many  years  Resident  Mis.sionary  nt  .Tenisa 
lem,  during  which  time  he  made  a  thorough  exploration  of  tlie 
city  and  surrounding  country,  the  results  of  which  may  bo  found 
in  his  valuable  work. 

Prof.  Rawson  has  also  had  the  benefit  of  several  years'  residence 
in  Jerusalem  and  vicinity,  and  aa  Christians  are  excluded  from  the 
sacred  places  of  the  IMohammedaus,  he  adopted  the  dre.s.s  and 
customs  of  the  Arabs,  thus  for  the  time  becoming  one  of  tin  in — 
joining  a  lodge  of  Eastern  Dervishes,  vLsiting,  as  a  Mohnninu-daa 
pilgi-im,  their  holy  places,  taking  notes,  and  making  nkotchcn  of 
places  and  objects  of  interest  that  could  not  otherwiw,'  have  been 
reach  ed . 


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